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Review Article 


Cryptosporidiosis: A global threat to human and animal health

Wimbuh Tri Widodo, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Bima Putra Pratama, Rahmania Ambarika, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Sonny Kristianto, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Widoretno Widoretno, Khariri Khariri, Luluk Hermawati, Auliyani Andam Suri, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Alifiani Kartika Putri, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Masri Sembiring Maha, Andi Thafida Khalisa, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Syahputra Wibowo.


Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant zoonotic illness that infects the intestines of both people and animals. The protozoan parasite that causes this illness is a member of the genus Cryptosporidium, which is a eukaryote in the phylum Apicomplexa. The parasite Cryptosporidium is monoxenic, meaning it only has one host. Oocyte to oocyte development occurs in the host organism without an intermediate host. Developing nations have a far greater prevalence of Cryptosporidium infections because many people there still lack access to basic sanitation and clean water. Both innate and adaptive immune system components are involved in the host immunological response to Cryptosporidium infection; both pathways contribute to defense against Cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium can be detected in the digestive tract, lungs, and conjunctiva, however the intestines sustain the most of the harm from cryptosporidiosis. Nowadays, most people agree that a frequent parasite that causes diarrheal illness is Cryptosporidium. Furthermore, infections caused by Cryptosporidium have spread to humans, primarily affecting individuals with immunological problems like AIDS patients. Cryptosporidiosis is typically diagnosed by looking for parasite eggs, oocyte antigen, or oocyte DNA in stool samples. Consuming food or beverages containing these protozoa's oocysts can infect both humans and animals. The majority of diseased individuals and animals with robust immune systems can heal themselves without medical intervention. The main strategy for preventing cryptosporidiosis is to reduce or eradicate environmental contamination with infectious oocysts, as there is currently no effective treatment for the disease.

Key words: Cryptosporidiosis, Diarrhea, Immunity, Oocyst, Parasite, Prevention.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Widodo WT, Khairullah AR, Pratama BP, Ambarika R, Furqoni AH, Kristianto S, Wardhani BWK, Widoretno W, Khariri K, Hermawati L, Suri AA, Moses IB, Putri AK, Kurniasih DAA, Maha MS, Khalisa AT, Ahmad RZ, Wibowo S. Cryptosporidiosis: A global threat to human and animal health. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(10): 4814-4833. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.3

Web Style

Widodo WT, Khairullah AR, Pratama BP, Ambarika R, Furqoni AH, Kristianto S, Wardhani BWK, Widoretno W, Khariri K, Hermawati L, Suri AA, Moses IB, Putri AK, Kurniasih DAA, Maha MS, Khalisa AT, Ahmad RZ, Wibowo S. Cryptosporidiosis: A global threat to human and animal health. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=259470 [Access: October 31, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.3

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Widodo WT, Khairullah AR, Pratama BP, Ambarika R, Furqoni AH, Kristianto S, Wardhani BWK, Widoretno W, Khariri K, Hermawati L, Suri AA, Moses IB, Putri AK, Kurniasih DAA, Maha MS, Khalisa AT, Ahmad RZ, Wibowo S. Cryptosporidiosis: A global threat to human and animal health. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(10): 4814-4833. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.3


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Widodo WT, Khairullah AR, Pratama BP, Ambarika R, Furqoni AH, Kristianto S, Wardhani BWK, Widoretno W, Khariri K, Hermawati L, Suri AA, Moses IB, Putri AK, Kurniasih DAA, Maha MS, Khalisa AT, Ahmad RZ, Wibowo S. Cryptosporidiosis: A global threat to human and animal health. Open Vet. J.. (2025), [cited October 31, 2025]; 15(10): 4814-4833. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.3


Harvard Style

Widodo, W. T., Khairullah, . A. R., Pratama, . B. P., Ambarika, . R., Furqoni, . A. H., Kristianto, . S., Wardhani, . B. W. K., Widoretno, . W., Khariri, . K., Hermawati, . L., Suri, . A. A., Moses, . I. B., Putri, . A. K., Kurniasih, . D. A. A., Maha, . M. S., Khalisa, . A. T., Ahmad, . R. Z. & Wibowo, . S. (2025) Cryptosporidiosis: A global threat to human and animal health. Open Vet. J., 15 (10), 4814-4833. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.3


Turabian Style

Widodo, Wimbuh Tri, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Bima Putra Pratama, Rahmania Ambarika, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Sonny Kristianto, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Widoretno Widoretno, Khariri Khariri, Luluk Hermawati, Auliyani Andam Suri, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Alifiani Kartika Putri, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Masri Sembiring Maha, Andi Thafida Khalisa, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, and Syahputra Wibowo. 2025. Cryptosporidiosis: A global threat to human and animal health. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (10), 4814-4833. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.3


Chicago Style

Widodo, Wimbuh Tri, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Bima Putra Pratama, Rahmania Ambarika, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Sonny Kristianto, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Widoretno Widoretno, Khariri Khariri, Luluk Hermawati, Auliyani Andam Suri, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Alifiani Kartika Putri, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Masri Sembiring Maha, Andi Thafida Khalisa, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, and Syahputra Wibowo. "Cryptosporidiosis: A global threat to human and animal health." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 4814-4833. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.3


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Widodo, Wimbuh Tri, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Bima Putra Pratama, Rahmania Ambarika, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Sonny Kristianto, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Widoretno Widoretno, Khariri Khariri, Luluk Hermawati, Auliyani Andam Suri, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Alifiani Kartika Putri, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Masri Sembiring Maha, Andi Thafida Khalisa, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, and Syahputra Wibowo. "Cryptosporidiosis: A global threat to human and animal health." Open Veterinary Journal 15.10 (2025), 4814-4833. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.3


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Widodo, W. T., Khairullah, . A. R., Pratama, . B. P., Ambarika, . R., Furqoni, . A. H., Kristianto, . S., Wardhani, . B. W. K., Widoretno, . W., Khariri, . K., Hermawati, . L., Suri, . A. A., Moses, . I. B., Putri, . A. K., Kurniasih, . D. A. A., Maha, . M. S., Khalisa, . A. T., Ahmad, . R. Z. & Wibowo, . S. (2025) Cryptosporidiosis: A global threat to human and animal health. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (10), 4814-4833. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.3


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