E-ISSN 2218-6050 | ISSN 2226-4485
 
2026, Vol: 16, Issue: 9
16 / 9Current Issue ArchiveAims and ScopeAbstracting & IndexingMost Accessed ArticlesMost Downloaded ArticlesMost Cited Articles
Required files to be uploaded

OVJ Manuscript Submissio Form
Title Page
mainarticle_template

Research Article


Spatial distribution of bovine tuberculosis surveillance indicators in Mexico: Persistent high-rate areas and regional heterogeneity

Miguel Galarde-lópez, Fernando Uriel González-domínguez, Mauricio Pineda-mundo, Antonio Reyna-sevilla, Feliciano Milian-suazo, Sara González-ruiz, Roxana Gamez-ortiz, José Alberto Castañeda-ramos, Susana Flores-villalva.


Abstract
Background:
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, remains an important livestock disease with implications for both animal health and public health. Although Mexico has maintained a national surveillance program for decades, the geographic distribution of BTB indicators has not been examined comprehensively at the national scale.

Aim:
To characterize the geographical distribution and temporal dynamics of official bovine tuberculosis surveillance indicators in Mexico between 2019 and 2024, with focus on regions that repeatedly exhibited elevated standardized rates of tuberculin-reactive cattle.

Methods:
We used official SENASICA reports from the National Campaign Against Bovine Tuberculosis to conduct a retrospective analysis. The datasets included information on intradermal tuberculin testing, slaughterhouse surveillance, and granuloma samples submitted for diagnosis. Rates of tuberculin reactive cattle were standardized per 10,000 animals and were estimated using the 2022 Agricultural Census as the population reference. Geographic distribution and temporal variation of these indicators were described using QGIS.

Results:
From 2019 and 2024 a total of 46.9 million tuberculin tests were performed, identifying 489,501 reactive cattle, and a median national reactivity of 1.04%. High standardized rates were consistently observed in northern and north-central regions, especially Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and the Comarca Lagunera, while several southeastern states showed transient increases. Differences between regions were also found in slaughterhouse inspection coverage, granuloma submissions, and laboratory diagnostic activity, with advanced diagnostic testing concentrated in few laboratories.

Conclusion:
This study identified persistent geographic concentrations of elevated bovine tuberculosis surveillance indicators together with pronounced regional heterogeneity across Mexico. The recurrence of elevated standardized rates in the same production regions over multiple years supports the hypothesis that stable spatial clusters may exist, particularly in northern and north-central Mexico. Future investigations integrating animal-level epidemiological information, herd characteristics, cattle movement data, and formal spatial statistical analyses are needed to evaluate this hypothesis and to clarify the factors underlying these recurrent geographic patterns.

Key words: Bovine tuberculosis; Geographic distribution; Mexico; Surveillance indicators.


 
ARTICLE TOOLS
Abstract
PDF Fulltext
How to cite this articleHow to cite this article
Citation Tools
Related Records
 Articles by Miguel Galarde-López
Articles by Fernando Uriel González-Domínguez
Articles by Mauricio Pineda-Mundo
Articles by Antonio Reyna-Sevilla
Articles by Feliciano Milian-Suazo
Articles by Sara González-Ruiz
Articles by Roxana Gamez-Ortiz
Articles by José Alberto Castañeda-Ramos
Articles by Susana Flores-Villalva
on Google
on Google Scholar


How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Galarde-lópez M, González-domínguez FU, Pineda-mundo M, Reyna-sevilla A, Milian-suazo F, González-ruiz S, Gamez-ortiz R, Castañeda-ramos JA, Flores-villalva S. Spatial distribution of bovine tuberculosis surveillance indicators in Mexico: Persistent high-rate areas and regional heterogeneity. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(9): 6672-6682. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.70

Web Style

Galarde-lópez M, González-domínguez FU, Pineda-mundo M, Reyna-sevilla A, Milian-suazo F, González-ruiz S, Gamez-ortiz R, Castañeda-ramos JA, Flores-villalva S. Spatial distribution of bovine tuberculosis surveillance indicators in Mexico: Persistent high-rate areas and regional heterogeneity. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=325252 [Access: September 30, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.70

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Galarde-lópez M, González-domínguez FU, Pineda-mundo M, Reyna-sevilla A, Milian-suazo F, González-ruiz S, Gamez-ortiz R, Castañeda-ramos JA, Flores-villalva S. Spatial distribution of bovine tuberculosis surveillance indicators in Mexico: Persistent high-rate areas and regional heterogeneity. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(9): 6672-6682. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.70


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Galarde-lópez M, González-domínguez FU, Pineda-mundo M, Reyna-sevilla A, Milian-suazo F, González-ruiz S, Gamez-ortiz R, Castañeda-ramos JA, Flores-villalva S. Spatial distribution of bovine tuberculosis surveillance indicators in Mexico: Persistent high-rate areas and regional heterogeneity. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited September 30, 2026]; 16(9): 6672-6682. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.70


Harvard Style

Galarde-lópez, M., González-domínguez, . F. U., Pineda-mundo, . M., Reyna-sevilla, . A., Milian-suazo, . F., González-ruiz, . S., Gamez-ortiz, . R., Castañeda-ramos, . J. A. & Flores-villalva, . S. (2026) Spatial distribution of bovine tuberculosis surveillance indicators in Mexico: Persistent high-rate areas and regional heterogeneity. Open Vet. J., 16 (9), 6672-6682. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.70


Turabian Style

Galarde-lópez, Miguel, Fernando Uriel González-domínguez, Mauricio Pineda-mundo, Antonio Reyna-sevilla, Feliciano Milian-suazo, Sara González-ruiz, Roxana Gamez-ortiz, José Alberto Castañeda-ramos, and Susana Flores-villalva. 2026. Spatial distribution of bovine tuberculosis surveillance indicators in Mexico: Persistent high-rate areas and regional heterogeneity. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (9), 6672-6682. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.70


Chicago Style

Galarde-lópez, Miguel, Fernando Uriel González-domínguez, Mauricio Pineda-mundo, Antonio Reyna-sevilla, Feliciano Milian-suazo, Sara González-ruiz, Roxana Gamez-ortiz, José Alberto Castañeda-ramos, and Susana Flores-villalva. "Spatial distribution of bovine tuberculosis surveillance indicators in Mexico: Persistent high-rate areas and regional heterogeneity." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 6672-6682. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.70


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Galarde-lópez, Miguel, Fernando Uriel González-domínguez, Mauricio Pineda-mundo, Antonio Reyna-sevilla, Feliciano Milian-suazo, Sara González-ruiz, Roxana Gamez-ortiz, José Alberto Castañeda-ramos, and Susana Flores-villalva. "Spatial distribution of bovine tuberculosis surveillance indicators in Mexico: Persistent high-rate areas and regional heterogeneity." Open Veterinary Journal 16.9 (2026), 6672-6682. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.70


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Galarde-lópez, M., González-domínguez, . F. U., Pineda-mundo, . M., Reyna-sevilla, . A., Milian-suazo, . F., González-ruiz, . S., Gamez-ortiz, . R., Castañeda-ramos, . J. A. & Flores-villalva, . S. (2026) Spatial distribution of bovine tuberculosis surveillance indicators in Mexico: Persistent high-rate areas and regional heterogeneity. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (9), 6672-6682. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.70


Author LoginReviewer LoginAbout PublisherOpen Access PolicyEditorial PoliciesEditorial Review PolicyEditorial & Peer Review ProcessPublication Ethics and Publication Malpractice StatementConflict of Interest PolicyPlagiarism PolicyProtection of Research Participants (Statement On Human And Animal Rights)Corrections, Retractions & Expressions of ConcernSelf-Archiving PoliciesDigital Archiving & Preservation PoliciesStatement of Informed ConsentAdvertising PolicyAI PolicyTerms of UseLicense InformationCopyright Information

About Open Veterinary Journal

About the JournalOpen Veterinary Journal (OVJ) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to the publication and dissemination of h ... Read more.



For best results, please use Internet Explorer or Google Chrome.

Contact Information

All correspondence should be addressed to:

Prof. Ibrahim Eldaghayes

Editor-in-Chief

Open Veterinary Journal

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli

P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya

Email: ibrahim.eldaghayes@vetmed.edu.ly