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Preliminary determination of retinol and tocopherol analogues in Algerian dromedary camel milk using high-performance liquid chromatography

Naima Sahraoui, Mourad Ben Said, Razika Boukert, Messaouda Lamraoui, Manel Souhila Arbaoui, Jean Luc Hornick, Ana Isabel Rey.


Abstract
Background:
Camel milk is an important nutritional resource in arid and semi-arid regions and has attracted increasing interest because of its nutritional and functional properties. However, data on fat-soluble vitamins in Algerian dromedary camel milk remain limited, particularly regarding vitamin E analogues such as α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols.

Aim:
This preliminary study aimed to determine retinol and tocopherol concentrations in milk from Algerian dromedary camels using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Methods:
Milk samples were collected from seven lactating dromedary she-camels aged 9-12 years and raised under similar semi-extensive conditions in Djelfa, Algeria. Vitamins A and E were extracted using a liquid-liquid extraction procedure followed by HPLC analysis. The analyzed compounds included retinol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, and total tocopherols. Data were analyzed descriptively and expressed as mean ± standard deviation, with minimum and maximum values because of the preliminary nature of the study and the limited number of animals.

Results:
The mean concentrations were 0.734 ± 0.213 µg/mL for α-tocopherol, 0.012 ± 0.024 µg/mL for γ-tocopherol, 0.240 ± 0.103 µg/mL for δ-tocopherol, and 0.986 ± 0.34 µg/mL for total tocopherols. Retinol was detected at a mean concentration of 0.014 ± 0.008 µg/mL. α-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol fraction, followed by δ-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol.

Conclusion:
This preliminary study provides baseline data on retinol and tocopherol analogues in Algerian dromedary camel milk. The detection of α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols highlights the relevance of further investigations on the vitamin E profile of camel milk. However, larger studies including different regions, seasons, lactation stages, feeding systems, and milk fat composition are required to better characterize the variability of fat-soluble vitamins in Algerian dromedary camel milk.

Key words: Camel milk; HPLC; Retinol; Tocopherols; Vitamin E.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Sahraoui N, Said MB, Boukert R, Lamraoui M, Arbaoui MS, Hornick JL, Rey AI. Preliminary determination of retinol and tocopherol analogues in Algerian dromedary camel milk using high-performance liquid chromatography. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(9): 6683-6688. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.71

Web Style

Sahraoui N, Said MB, Boukert R, Lamraoui M, Arbaoui MS, Hornick JL, Rey AI. Preliminary determination of retinol and tocopherol analogues in Algerian dromedary camel milk using high-performance liquid chromatography. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=322420 [Access: September 30, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.71

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Sahraoui N, Said MB, Boukert R, Lamraoui M, Arbaoui MS, Hornick JL, Rey AI. Preliminary determination of retinol and tocopherol analogues in Algerian dromedary camel milk using high-performance liquid chromatography. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(9): 6683-6688. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.71


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Sahraoui N, Said MB, Boukert R, Lamraoui M, Arbaoui MS, Hornick JL, Rey AI. Preliminary determination of retinol and tocopherol analogues in Algerian dromedary camel milk using high-performance liquid chromatography. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited September 30, 2026]; 16(9): 6683-6688. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.71


Harvard Style

Sahraoui, N., Said, . M. B., Boukert, . R., Lamraoui, . M., Arbaoui, . M. S., Hornick, . J. L. & Rey, . A. I. (2026) Preliminary determination of retinol and tocopherol analogues in Algerian dromedary camel milk using high-performance liquid chromatography. Open Vet. J., 16 (9), 6683-6688. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.71


Turabian Style

Sahraoui, Naima, Mourad Ben Said, Razika Boukert, Messaouda Lamraoui, Manel Souhila Arbaoui, Jean Luc Hornick, and Ana Isabel Rey. 2026. Preliminary determination of retinol and tocopherol analogues in Algerian dromedary camel milk using high-performance liquid chromatography. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (9), 6683-6688. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.71


Chicago Style

Sahraoui, Naima, Mourad Ben Said, Razika Boukert, Messaouda Lamraoui, Manel Souhila Arbaoui, Jean Luc Hornick, and Ana Isabel Rey. "Preliminary determination of retinol and tocopherol analogues in Algerian dromedary camel milk using high-performance liquid chromatography." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 6683-6688. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.71


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Sahraoui, Naima, Mourad Ben Said, Razika Boukert, Messaouda Lamraoui, Manel Souhila Arbaoui, Jean Luc Hornick, and Ana Isabel Rey. "Preliminary determination of retinol and tocopherol analogues in Algerian dromedary camel milk using high-performance liquid chromatography." Open Veterinary Journal 16.9 (2026), 6683-6688. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.71


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Sahraoui, N., Said, . M. B., Boukert, . R., Lamraoui, . M., Arbaoui, . M. S., Hornick, . J. L. & Rey, . A. I. (2026) Preliminary determination of retinol and tocopherol analogues in Algerian dromedary camel milk using high-performance liquid chromatography. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (9), 6683-6688. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.71


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