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2026, Vol: 16, Issue: 3
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Review Article


Prevalence, risk factors, and innovative therapies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in livestock and companion animals in Pakistan

Asfand Yar Khan, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Aftab Shaukat, Muhammad Muneeb.


Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant public health concern due to its zoonotic potential and multidrug resistance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of MRSA prevalence in livestock and companion animals in Pakistan, emphasizing its molecular epidemiology and resistance mechanisms. MRSA has been detected in bovine mastitis, raw milk, meat, and companion animals, with alarming prevalence rates across species and regions. Risk factors include poor hygiene, inappropriate antibiotic use, and close human-animal interactions, which contribute to its spread at the animal-human-environment interface. Advanced diagnostic tools like PCR and chromogenic media tests have facilitated rapid and accurate MRSA detection. The review also highlights alternative treatment strategies, including the use of medicinal plants, bacteriophage therapy, nanoparticles, and probiotics, as promising options to combat MRSA infections. Implementation of stringent hygiene measures, prudent antibiotic use, and further research into vaccines are critical to controlling MRSA in animals and safeguarding public health.

Key words: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; One Health; Antimicrobial resistance; Probiotic therapy; Public health.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Khan AY, Effendi MH, Shaukat A, Muneeb M. Prevalence, risk factors, and innovative therapies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in livestock and companion animals in Pakistan. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(3): 1438-1450. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.3

Web Style

Khan AY, Effendi MH, Shaukat A, Muneeb M. Prevalence, risk factors, and innovative therapies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in livestock and companion animals in Pakistan. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=293145 [Access: March 31, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.3

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Khan AY, Effendi MH, Shaukat A, Muneeb M. Prevalence, risk factors, and innovative therapies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in livestock and companion animals in Pakistan. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(3): 1438-1450. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.3


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Khan AY, Effendi MH, Shaukat A, Muneeb M. Prevalence, risk factors, and innovative therapies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in livestock and companion animals in Pakistan. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited March 31, 2026]; 16(3): 1438-1450. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.3


Harvard Style

Khan, A. Y., Effendi, . M. H., Shaukat, . A. & Muneeb, . M. (2026) Prevalence, risk factors, and innovative therapies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in livestock and companion animals in Pakistan. Open Vet. J., 16 (3), 1438-1450. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.3


Turabian Style

Khan, Asfand Yar, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Aftab Shaukat, and Muhammad Muneeb. 2026. Prevalence, risk factors, and innovative therapies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in livestock and companion animals in Pakistan. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (3), 1438-1450. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.3


Chicago Style

Khan, Asfand Yar, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Aftab Shaukat, and Muhammad Muneeb. "Prevalence, risk factors, and innovative therapies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in livestock and companion animals in Pakistan." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 1438-1450. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.3


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Khan, Asfand Yar, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Aftab Shaukat, and Muhammad Muneeb. "Prevalence, risk factors, and innovative therapies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in livestock and companion animals in Pakistan." Open Veterinary Journal 16.3 (2026), 1438-1450. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.3


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Khan, A. Y., Effendi, . M. H., Shaukat, . A. & Muneeb, . M. (2026) Prevalence, risk factors, and innovative therapies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in livestock and companion animals in Pakistan. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (3), 1438-1450. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i3.3


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