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Research Article


Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia

Petrus Malo Bulu, Ewaldus Wera, Victor Lenda, Theresia Nur Indah Koni.


Abstract
Background:
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, causing significant economic losses to the livestock industry. The reemergence of FMD in Indonesia after a considerable disease-free period necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the behavioral factors of farmers.

Aim:
This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of livestock farmers in West Timor regarding the risks of FMD introduction and transmission in East Nusa Tenggara Province (NTT), Indonesia.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey of 290 livestock farmers was conducted using structured questionnaires. KAP indicators were assessed as absent (0), low, moderate, or high using a five-point Likert scale.

Results:
Low knowledge of FMD clinical signs and vaccination was observed in 48.6% and 52.8% of farmers, respectively. Education level was significantly associated with the KAP category (χ² = 18.62, df = 8, p = 0.002). Farmers with secondary education or higher were more likely to demonstrate high KAP levels (odds ratio = 2.47, 95% confidence interval: 1.31–4.65, p = 0.005).

Conclusion:
Livestock farmers in West Timor generally exhibited low to moderate levels of FMD-related knowledge and preventive practices. This study provides one of the first empirical assessments of FMD-related KAP among cattle farmers in West Timor and identifies education as a key determinant of preventive behavior, providing evidence to support risk-based extension and disease control strategies.

Key words: Foot-and-mouth disease; Knowledge; Attitudes; Practices; Livestock farmers; West Timor.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Bulu PM, Wera E, Lenda V, Koni TNI. Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(8): 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8

Web Style

Bulu PM, Wera E, Lenda V, Koni TNI. Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=318853 [Access: August 08, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Bulu PM, Wera E, Lenda V, Koni TNI. Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(8): 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Bulu PM, Wera E, Lenda V, Koni TNI. Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited August 08, 2026]; 16(8): 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8


Harvard Style

Bulu, P. M., Wera, . E., Lenda, . V. & Koni, . T. N. I. (2026) Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. Open Vet. J., 16 (8), 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8


Turabian Style

Bulu, Petrus Malo, Ewaldus Wera, Victor Lenda, and Theresia Nur Indah Koni. 2026. Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (8), 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8


Chicago Style

Bulu, Petrus Malo, Ewaldus Wera, Victor Lenda, and Theresia Nur Indah Koni. "Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Bulu, Petrus Malo, Ewaldus Wera, Victor Lenda, and Theresia Nur Indah Koni. "Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia." Open Veterinary Journal 16.8 (2026), 5125-5134. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Bulu, P. M., Wera, . E., Lenda, . V. & Koni, . T. N. I. (2026) Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (8), 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8


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