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Research Article


Synergistic effects of Moringa oleifera and spirulina supplementation combined with short-term fasting on gill integrity and bacterial load in heat-stressed Nile Tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

Reyhan Zelda Pratisara, Dahliatul Qosimah, Tiara Widyaputri, Moh. Awaludin Adam, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, Md Abdullah Al Mamun.


Abstract
Background:
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production faces persistent threat from Aeromonas hydrophila, the causative agent of Motile Aeromonas Septicemia, whose virulence is substantially amplified under thermal stress. Antibiotic-dependent disease management has accelerated multidrug resistance, necessitating sustainable non-pharmacological alternatives. Although Moringa oleifera leaf powder and Spirulina individually demonstrate immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties in fish, their combined application alongside short-term fasting under simultaneous thermal and infectious challenge has not been investigated.

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of combined M. oleifera leaf powder and Spirulina dietary supplementation, with short-term fasting, on gill histopathological integrity and A. hydrophila colonisation in Nile tilapia subjected to heat stress and bacterial immersion challenge

Methods:
Sixty fish were distributed into four groups: negative control (C-), positive control (C+)vsubjected to heat stress at 34°C and immersion challenge at 10⁷ CFU/mL A. hydrophila, herbal supplementation with prior fasting (T1), and herbal supplementation without fasting (T2). Secondary lamellar hyperplasia and degeneration/necrosis were scored on H&E-stained sections; gill A. hydrophila colonies were enumerated on RS agar.

Results:
Both T1 and T2 significantly reduced histopathological scores and bacterial counts compared with C+ (P < 0.05). T1 achieved the greatest tissue protection, with lesion scores comparable to C⁻, whereas T2 showed intermediate but significant improvement. Bacterial counts in T1 and T2 were significantly lower than in C+ and did not differ significantly from each other.

Conclusion:
Combined M. oleifera and Spirulina dietary supplementation significantly attenuated gill histopathological damage and reduced A. hydrophila burden in heat-stressed Nile tilapia. Short-term fasting augmented the protective effect of herbal supplementation, with the combined regimen yielding gill integrity comparable to uninfected fish. This integrative nutritional approach represents a promising antibiotic-free strategy for disease prevention in intensive tilapia aquaculture.

Key words: Aeromonas hydrophila; Fasting; Moringa oleifera; Spirulina; Tilapia.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Pratisara RZ, Qosimah D, Widyaputri T, Adam MA, Azmai MNA, Mamun MAA. Synergistic effects of Moringa oleifera and spirulina supplementation combined with short-term fasting on gill integrity and bacterial load in heat-stressed Nile Tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(9): 5959-5973. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.6

Web Style

Pratisara RZ, Qosimah D, Widyaputri T, Adam MA, Azmai MNA, Mamun MAA. Synergistic effects of Moringa oleifera and spirulina supplementation combined with short-term fasting on gill integrity and bacterial load in heat-stressed Nile Tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=316435 [Access: September 01, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.6

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Pratisara RZ, Qosimah D, Widyaputri T, Adam MA, Azmai MNA, Mamun MAA. Synergistic effects of Moringa oleifera and spirulina supplementation combined with short-term fasting on gill integrity and bacterial load in heat-stressed Nile Tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(9): 5959-5973. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.6


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Pratisara RZ, Qosimah D, Widyaputri T, Adam MA, Azmai MNA, Mamun MAA. Synergistic effects of Moringa oleifera and spirulina supplementation combined with short-term fasting on gill integrity and bacterial load in heat-stressed Nile Tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited September 01, 2026]; 16(9): 5959-5973. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.6


Harvard Style

Pratisara, R. Z., Qosimah, . D., Widyaputri, . T., Adam, . M. A., Azmai, . M. N. A. & Mamun, . M. A. A. (2026) Synergistic effects of Moringa oleifera and spirulina supplementation combined with short-term fasting on gill integrity and bacterial load in heat-stressed Nile Tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Open Vet. J., 16 (9), 5959-5973. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.6


Turabian Style

Pratisara, Reyhan Zelda, Dahliatul Qosimah, Tiara Widyaputri, Moh. Awaludin Adam, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, and Md Abdullah Al Mamun. 2026. Synergistic effects of Moringa oleifera and spirulina supplementation combined with short-term fasting on gill integrity and bacterial load in heat-stressed Nile Tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (9), 5959-5973. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.6


Chicago Style

Pratisara, Reyhan Zelda, Dahliatul Qosimah, Tiara Widyaputri, Moh. Awaludin Adam, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, and Md Abdullah Al Mamun. "Synergistic effects of Moringa oleifera and spirulina supplementation combined with short-term fasting on gill integrity and bacterial load in heat-stressed Nile Tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 5959-5973. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.6


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Pratisara, Reyhan Zelda, Dahliatul Qosimah, Tiara Widyaputri, Moh. Awaludin Adam, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, and Md Abdullah Al Mamun. "Synergistic effects of Moringa oleifera and spirulina supplementation combined with short-term fasting on gill integrity and bacterial load in heat-stressed Nile Tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila." Open Veterinary Journal 16.9 (2026), 5959-5973. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.6


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Pratisara, R. Z., Qosimah, . D., Widyaputri, . T., Adam, . M. A., Azmai, . M. N. A. & Mamun, . M. A. A. (2026) Synergistic effects of Moringa oleifera and spirulina supplementation combined with short-term fasting on gill integrity and bacterial load in heat-stressed Nile Tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (9), 5959-5973. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.6


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