E-ISSN 2218-6050 | ISSN 2226-4485
 

Research Article


The relationship between fructosamine and serum glucose in Vicugna pacos (Alpaca) to understand hyperglycemia

Victor Pacheco Sanchez, Kristell Pacheco Portugal, Milthon Muñoz Berrocal.


Abstract
Background:
Alpacas can present with hyperglycemia due to lower responses and no resistance to insulin, similar to a diabetic condition; the elimination of glucose (GLU) is slower. Fructosamine (FrAm) is a glycated protein that results from the irreversible non-enzymatic binding of GLU to proteins.

Aim:
This study aimed to determine the association between serum FrAm and plasma GLU in alpacas to understand and distinguish stress-induced hyperglycemia from persistent diabetic hyperglycemia.

Methods:
The intent with both values was to establish their correlation and regression to create a statistical model. It was conducted in the field, with the collection of blood samples in Tisco at 4011 m.a.s.l. in Castilla, Arequipa, and at the La Raya experimental station at 4211 m.a.s.l. in Canchis, Cusco, both in Peru. The laboratory phase was conducted in the Diagnovet SAC clinic in Arequipa, Peru. One hundred alpacas were used; the analysis was performed using ultravioletavisible (UV-VIS) spectrophotometry in a SunnyMed SYSL20 automatic analyzer, with FrAm and GLU kits.

Results:
A FrAm value of 675.77 μmol/l (+/−198.26 μmol/l) was found, and for GLU, it was 121.49 mg/dl (+/−16.12 mg/dl); there was normality for both analytes, in comparison to Kolmogórov–Smirnov. The Pearson correlation coefficient and its corresponding simple linear regression were used to adjust the model.

Conclusion:
The values allowed for good management of the glycosylated solution in the clinic. A strong, positive, linear correlation existed between the GLU and the FrAm, with r = 0.76, which was very significant (p <0.0001).

Key words: Alpaca; Fructosamine; Glycemia; Hyperglycemia; Stress-induced.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Sanchez VP, Portugal KP, Berrocal MM. The relationship between fructosamine and serum glucose in Vicugna pacos (Alpaca) to understand hyperglycemia. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(9): 6415-6424. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.47


Web Style

Sanchez VP, Portugal KP, Berrocal MM. The relationship between fructosamine and serum glucose in Vicugna pacos (Alpaca) to understand hyperglycemia. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=308137 [Access: September 30, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.47


AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Sanchez VP, Portugal KP, Berrocal MM. The relationship between fructosamine and serum glucose in Vicugna pacos (Alpaca) to understand hyperglycemia. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(9): 6415-6424. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.47



Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Sanchez VP, Portugal KP, Berrocal MM. The relationship between fructosamine and serum glucose in Vicugna pacos (Alpaca) to understand hyperglycemia. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited September 30, 2026]; 16(9): 6415-6424. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.47



Harvard Style

Sanchez, V. P., Portugal, . K. P. & Berrocal, . M. M. (2026) The relationship between fructosamine and serum glucose in Vicugna pacos (Alpaca) to understand hyperglycemia. Open Vet. J., 16 (9), 6415-6424. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.47



Turabian Style

Sanchez, Victor Pacheco, Kristell Pacheco Portugal, and Milthon Muñoz Berrocal. 2026. The relationship between fructosamine and serum glucose in Vicugna pacos (Alpaca) to understand hyperglycemia. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (9), 6415-6424. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.47



Chicago Style

Sanchez, Victor Pacheco, Kristell Pacheco Portugal, and Milthon Muñoz Berrocal. "The relationship between fructosamine and serum glucose in Vicugna pacos (Alpaca) to understand hyperglycemia." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 6415-6424. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.47



MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Sanchez, Victor Pacheco, Kristell Pacheco Portugal, and Milthon Muñoz Berrocal. "The relationship between fructosamine and serum glucose in Vicugna pacos (Alpaca) to understand hyperglycemia." Open Veterinary Journal 16.9 (2026), 6415-6424. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.47



APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Sanchez, V. P., Portugal, . K. P. & Berrocal, . M. M. (2026) The relationship between fructosamine and serum glucose in Vicugna pacos (Alpaca) to understand hyperglycemia. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (9), 6415-6424. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i9.47