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2026, Vol: 16, Issue: 4
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Research Article


Augmentation of IL-21 and soluble CD14 in systemic aspergillosis through combined immunostimulation with beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid

Mustafa Abdul Kareem Hameed, Huda Sadoon Jassim Al Biaty, Sabah Zyara Kadhim.


Abstract
Background:
Aspergillus fumigatus leads to serious systemic infections in immunocompromised patients, thereby emphasizing the need for novel immunomodulatory therapies acting on both innate (sCD14) and adaptive (IL-21) immune systems. Beta-glucans are established fungal immunomodulators, and diphtheria toxoid (DT) has non-specific stimulatory activity.

Aim:
This experiment determined the effects of beta-glucan, biphasic beta-glucan, and diphtheria toxoid (DT) on the systemic immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus Beta-glucan, DT, and a combination of both.

Methods:
It was done on 50 male albino rats, and they were then subjected to a systemic injection of A. fumigatus challenge. Serum IL-21 and soluble CD14 (sCD14) levels were measured on day 21 of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.

Results:
The results revealed a significant increase in IL-21 and sCD14 levels in the Beta-glucan group compared with those in the control group. Nevertheless, the beta-glucan + DT group had the most potent effect, with an increase in both markers.

Conclusion:
The combination of beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid provides a potent immunomodulatory regimen that boosts innate (sCD14) and adaptive (IL-21) immune pathways and enhances host defense against systemic fungal infection.

Key words: Beta glucan; Fungal infection; IL21; sCD14; Toxoid.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Hameed MAK, Biaty HSJA, Kadhim SZ. Augmentation of IL-21 and soluble CD14 in systemic aspergillosis through combined immunostimulation with beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(4): 2028-2033. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i4.7

Web Style

Hameed MAK, Biaty HSJA, Kadhim SZ. Augmentation of IL-21 and soluble CD14 in systemic aspergillosis through combined immunostimulation with beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=301981 [Access: April 30, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i4.7

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Hameed MAK, Biaty HSJA, Kadhim SZ. Augmentation of IL-21 and soluble CD14 in systemic aspergillosis through combined immunostimulation with beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(4): 2028-2033. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i4.7


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Hameed MAK, Biaty HSJA, Kadhim SZ. Augmentation of IL-21 and soluble CD14 in systemic aspergillosis through combined immunostimulation with beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited April 30, 2026]; 16(4): 2028-2033. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i4.7


Harvard Style

Hameed, M. A. K., Biaty, . H. S. J. A. & Kadhim, . S. Z. (2026) Augmentation of IL-21 and soluble CD14 in systemic aspergillosis through combined immunostimulation with beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid. Open Vet. J., 16 (4), 2028-2033. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i4.7


Turabian Style

Hameed, Mustafa Abdul Kareem, Huda Sadoon Jassim Al Biaty, and Sabah Zyara Kadhim. 2026. Augmentation of IL-21 and soluble CD14 in systemic aspergillosis through combined immunostimulation with beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (4), 2028-2033. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i4.7


Chicago Style

Hameed, Mustafa Abdul Kareem, Huda Sadoon Jassim Al Biaty, and Sabah Zyara Kadhim. "Augmentation of IL-21 and soluble CD14 in systemic aspergillosis through combined immunostimulation with beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 2028-2033. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i4.7


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Hameed, Mustafa Abdul Kareem, Huda Sadoon Jassim Al Biaty, and Sabah Zyara Kadhim. "Augmentation of IL-21 and soluble CD14 in systemic aspergillosis through combined immunostimulation with beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid." Open Veterinary Journal 16.4 (2026), 2028-2033. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i4.7


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Hameed, M. A. K., Biaty, . H. S. J. A. & Kadhim, . S. Z. (2026) Augmentation of IL-21 and soluble CD14 in systemic aspergillosis through combined immunostimulation with beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (4), 2028-2033. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i4.7


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