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Rabbit hemorrhagic disease: The devastating impact of a highly contagious virus on rabbit populations

Sri Mulyati, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Suzanita Utama, Rini Damayanti, Imam Mustofa, Agus Wiyono, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Andi Thafida Khalisa, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Mechelle Juana Chandra, Ima Fauziah, Adeyinka Oye Akintunde, Rosid Hidayat, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Muhammad ‘ahdi Kurniawan, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Syahputra Wibowo.


Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a highly contagious viral infection in rabbits that can occur in acute, subacute, chronic, or peracute forms and is not fatal. It is caused by RHD virus (RHDV), a member of the genus Lagovirus in the family Caliciviridae, with variants including RHDV1, RHDV1a, and RHDV2. First identified in 1984 in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in China, RHD has since been reported in Asia, Europe, Africa, Central America, and North America. Both innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to host defense, although rapid disease progression can limit adaptive immunity. Carcasses of affected rabbits often retain adequate fat reserves, indicating that death occurs before the development of cachexia. The liver and spleen are the most frequent gross lesions, with hepatic necrosis as the predominant finding. Diagnosis is confirmed through postmortem examination and laboratory testing, with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) being the most sensitive method for detecting viral RNA. Transmission occurs via direct contact, aerosol inhalation, contaminated food or water ingestion, ocular exposure, and contact with fomites. The virus is shed in respiratory secretions, feces, and urine, thereby enabling its rapid spread. Mortality rates range from 70% to 90%, leading to a significant decline in wild rabbit populations. No specific antiviral treatment exists, and control relies on strict biosecurity, quarantine, environmental disinfection, and vaccination. Strain-specific and bivalent vaccines remain the most effective preventive measures, particularly in regions where RHDV2 is endemic. Continuous surveillance is essential for mitigating ecological and economic impacts.

Key words: Infectious disease; RHD; RHDV; Rabbit; Virus.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Mulyati S, Khairullah AR, Utama S, Damayanti R, Mustofa I, Wiyono A, Wardhani BWK, Khalisa AT, Kurniasih DAA, Chandra MJ, Fauziah I, Akintunde AO, Hidayat R, Moses IB, Kurniawan Mâ, Ahmad RZ, Kusala MKJ, Wibowo S. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease: The devastating impact of a highly contagious virus on rabbit populations. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(11): 5466-5484. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.4

Web Style

Mulyati S, Khairullah AR, Utama S, Damayanti R, Mustofa I, Wiyono A, Wardhani BWK, Khalisa AT, Kurniasih DAA, Chandra MJ, Fauziah I, Akintunde AO, Hidayat R, Moses IB, Kurniawan Mâ, Ahmad RZ, Kusala MKJ, Wibowo S. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease: The devastating impact of a highly contagious virus on rabbit populations. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=258495 [Access: November 30, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.4

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Mulyati S, Khairullah AR, Utama S, Damayanti R, Mustofa I, Wiyono A, Wardhani BWK, Khalisa AT, Kurniasih DAA, Chandra MJ, Fauziah I, Akintunde AO, Hidayat R, Moses IB, Kurniawan Mâ, Ahmad RZ, Kusala MKJ, Wibowo S. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease: The devastating impact of a highly contagious virus on rabbit populations. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(11): 5466-5484. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.4


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Mulyati S, Khairullah AR, Utama S, Damayanti R, Mustofa I, Wiyono A, Wardhani BWK, Khalisa AT, Kurniasih DAA, Chandra MJ, Fauziah I, Akintunde AO, Hidayat R, Moses IB, Kurniawan Mâ, Ahmad RZ, Kusala MKJ, Wibowo S. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease: The devastating impact of a highly contagious virus on rabbit populations. Open Vet. J.. (2025), [cited November 30, 2025]; 15(11): 5466-5484. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.4


Harvard Style

Mulyati, S., Khairullah, . A. R., Utama, . S., Damayanti, . R., Mustofa, . I., Wiyono, . A., Wardhani, . B. W. K., Khalisa, . A. T., Kurniasih, . D. A. A., Chandra, . M. J., Fauziah, . I., Akintunde, . A. O., Hidayat, . R., Moses, . I. B., Kurniawan, . M. â., Ahmad, . R. Z., Kusala, . M. K. J. & Wibowo, . S. (2025) Rabbit hemorrhagic disease: The devastating impact of a highly contagious virus on rabbit populations. Open Vet. J., 15 (11), 5466-5484. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.4


Turabian Style

Mulyati, Sri, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Suzanita Utama, Rini Damayanti, Imam Mustofa, Agus Wiyono, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Andi Thafida Khalisa, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Mechelle Juana Chandra, Ima Fauziah, Adeyinka Oye Akintunde, Rosid Hidayat, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Muhammad ‘ahdi Kurniawan, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, and Syahputra Wibowo. 2025. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease: The devastating impact of a highly contagious virus on rabbit populations. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (11), 5466-5484. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.4


Chicago Style

Mulyati, Sri, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Suzanita Utama, Rini Damayanti, Imam Mustofa, Agus Wiyono, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Andi Thafida Khalisa, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Mechelle Juana Chandra, Ima Fauziah, Adeyinka Oye Akintunde, Rosid Hidayat, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Muhammad ‘ahdi Kurniawan, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, and Syahputra Wibowo. "Rabbit hemorrhagic disease: The devastating impact of a highly contagious virus on rabbit populations." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 5466-5484. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.4


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Mulyati, Sri, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Suzanita Utama, Rini Damayanti, Imam Mustofa, Agus Wiyono, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Andi Thafida Khalisa, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Mechelle Juana Chandra, Ima Fauziah, Adeyinka Oye Akintunde, Rosid Hidayat, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Muhammad ‘ahdi Kurniawan, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, and Syahputra Wibowo. "Rabbit hemorrhagic disease: The devastating impact of a highly contagious virus on rabbit populations." Open Veterinary Journal 15.11 (2025), 5466-5484. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.4


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Mulyati, S., Khairullah, . A. R., Utama, . S., Damayanti, . R., Mustofa, . I., Wiyono, . A., Wardhani, . B. W. K., Khalisa, . A. T., Kurniasih, . D. A. A., Chandra, . M. J., Fauziah, . I., Akintunde, . A. O., Hidayat, . R., Moses, . I. B., Kurniawan, . M. â., Ahmad, . R. Z., Kusala, . M. K. J. & Wibowo, . S. (2025) Rabbit hemorrhagic disease: The devastating impact of a highly contagious virus on rabbit populations. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (11), 5466-5484. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.4


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