The molecular evidence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 on methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cats in Surabaya, Indonesia

Daniah Ashri Afnani; Aswin Rafif Khairullah; Mustofa Helmi Effendi; Wiwiek Tyasningsih; John Yew Huat Tang; Budiastuti Budiastuti; Saifur Rehman; Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses; Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih; Sheila Marty Yanestria; Riza Zainuddin Ahmad; Siti Hamidatul Aliyah; Alfiana Laili Dwi Agustin; Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu

doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.34

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Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(10): 5175-5182

doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.34

The molecular evidence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 on methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cats in Surabaya, Indonesia

Daniah Ashri Afnani, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Wiwiek Tyasningsih, John Yew Huat Tang, Budiastuti Budiastuti, Saifur Rehman, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Sheila Marty Yanestria, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Siti Hamidatul Aliyah, Alfiana Laili Dwi Agustin, Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu.

Abstract
Background:
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant microorganism in both human and veterinary medicine due to its ability to colonize mucosal surfaces, particularly the nasal cavity, and its potential to cause opportunistic infections in domestic cats. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a new strain of S. aureus with multidrug-resistance (MDR) characteristics and is resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. Companion animals are classified as potential reservoirs of MRSA. In this study, 150 cats were brought to veterinary clinics and animal hospitals in Surabaya for routine check-ups or medical treatment. Cats were not selected based on the presence of clinical symptoms, allowing for the identification of both symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers. Swab samples were collected from the nasal cavities using sterile cotton swabs under aseptic conditions. This approach enabled the assessment of MRSA colonization.

Aim:
This study aimed to detect the tst gene that produces toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) from MRSA isolates in cats.

Methods:
A total of 150 nose swab samples were collected from cats visiting veterinary clinics and hospitals as pet patients spread over Surabaya, Indonesia. Amies Medium Transport was used to swab the noses of the samples, and the microbiological standard procedure was used for identification. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were subjected to an antibiotic resistance test using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method by streaking a bacterial suspension according to a 0.5 McFarland standard, then five different antibiotic discs on Mueller-Hinton Agar. Cefoxitin-resistant S. aureus isolates grew on Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base (ORSAB) as a confirmatory test for MRSA.

Results:
There were 18 (12%) S. aureus isolates identified and isolated. The antibiotic resistance test results revealed 7 (38.88%) MDR isolates; there were 3 (16.66%) MDR of S. aureus isolates and 4 (22.22%) MDR of S. aureus isolates that were ORSAB positive; there were MDR and MRSA isolates. 4 MRSA isolates (22.22%) were subjected to molecular detection.

Conclusion:
Polymerase chain reaction 1 (5.55%) of the MRSA isolate was test gene positive at 143 bp. This indicates that cats may be a potential source of transmission to humans and endanger public health.

Key words: Antibiotic; Cats; MRSA; Public health; TSST-1.

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How to Cite this Article

Pubmed Style

Afnani DA, Khairullah AR, Effendi MH, Tyasningsih W, Tang JYH, Budiastuti B, Rehman S, Moses IB, Kurniasih DAA, Yanestria SM, Ahmad RZ, Aliyah SH, Agustin ALD, Riwu KHP. The molecular evidence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 on methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cats in Surabaya, Indonesia. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(10): 5175-5182. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.34

Web Style

Afnani DA, Khairullah AR, Effendi MH, Tyasningsih W, Tang JYH, Budiastuti B, Rehman S, Moses IB, Kurniasih DAA, Yanestria SM, Ahmad RZ, Aliyah SH, Agustin ALD, Riwu KHP. The molecular evidence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 on methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cats in Surabaya, Indonesia. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=251997 [Access: June 26, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.34

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Afnani DA, Khairullah AR, Effendi MH, Tyasningsih W, Tang JYH, Budiastuti B, Rehman S, Moses IB, Kurniasih DAA, Yanestria SM, Ahmad RZ, Aliyah SH, Agustin ALD, Riwu KHP. The molecular evidence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 on methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cats in Surabaya, Indonesia. Open Vet. J.. 2025; 15(10): 5175-5182. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.34

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Afnani DA, Khairullah AR, Effendi MH, Tyasningsih W, Tang JYH, Budiastuti B, Rehman S, Moses IB, Kurniasih DAA, Yanestria SM, Ahmad RZ, Aliyah SH, Agustin ALD, Riwu KHP. The molecular evidence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 on methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cats in Surabaya, Indonesia. Open Vet. J.. (2025), [cited June 26, 2026]; 15(10): 5175-5182. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.34

Harvard Style

Afnani, D. A., Khairullah, . A. R., Effendi, . M. H., Tyasningsih, . W., Tang, . J. Y. H., Budiastuti, . B., Rehman, . S., Moses, . I. B., Kurniasih, . D. A. A., Yanestria, . S. M., Ahmad, . R. Z., Aliyah, . S. H., Agustin, . A. L. D. & Riwu, . K. H. P. (2025) The molecular evidence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 on methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cats in Surabaya, Indonesia. Open Vet. J., 15 (10), 5175-5182. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.34

Turabian Style

Afnani, Daniah Ashri, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Wiwiek Tyasningsih, John Yew Huat Tang, Budiastuti Budiastuti, Saifur Rehman, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Sheila Marty Yanestria, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Siti Hamidatul Aliyah, Alfiana Laili Dwi Agustin, and Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu. 2025. The molecular evidence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 on methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cats in Surabaya, Indonesia. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (10), 5175-5182. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.34

Chicago Style

Afnani, Daniah Ashri, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Wiwiek Tyasningsih, John Yew Huat Tang, Budiastuti Budiastuti, Saifur Rehman, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Sheila Marty Yanestria, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Siti Hamidatul Aliyah, Alfiana Laili Dwi Agustin, and Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu. "The molecular evidence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 on methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cats in Surabaya, Indonesia." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 5175-5182. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.34

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Afnani, Daniah Ashri, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Wiwiek Tyasningsih, John Yew Huat Tang, Budiastuti Budiastuti, Saifur Rehman, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Sheila Marty Yanestria, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Siti Hamidatul Aliyah, Alfiana Laili Dwi Agustin, and Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu. "The molecular evidence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 on methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cats in Surabaya, Indonesia." Open Veterinary Journal 15.10 (2025), 5175-5182. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.34

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Afnani, D. A., Khairullah, . A. R., Effendi, . M. H., Tyasningsih, . W., Tang, . J. Y. H., Budiastuti, . B., Rehman, . S., Moses, . I. B., Kurniasih, . D. A. A., Yanestria, . S. M., Ahmad, . R. Z., Aliyah, . S. H., Agustin, . A. L. D. & Riwu, . K. H. P. (2025) The molecular evidence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 on methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cats in Surabaya, Indonesia. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (10), 5175-5182. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.34

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