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Research Article


Histomorphometry of limb skeletogenesis in prehatched precocial embryos (Japanese quail and Cochin chicken) and altricial embryos (racing pigeons and cockatiel birds)

Iftikhar Mohammed Abdul Karim, Ramzi Abdulghafoor Al-agele.


Abstract
Background:
Birds are the group of tetrapods that exhibit the greatest diversity in taxonomy and ecology. Limb development is a major focus of developmental and evolutionary biology research.

Aim:
This study characterized the variances in histomorphometry of skeletogenesis in precocial embryos, such as Japanese quail (Jq) and Cochin chickens (Cc), and altricial embryos, including Racing pigeons (Rp) and Cockatiel birds (Cb).

Methods:
Six embryos were collected on days 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 of incubation. Three embryos were prepared and stained with Alcian Blue (AB) for chondrification and Alizarin Red (AR) for ossified bones. The remaining three embryos were subjected to histological evaluation.

Results:
Initial signs of ossification appeared in the femur, tibiofibular, and humerus bones of Jq, Rp, and Cb embryos on day 8 and in the bones of Cc on day 10. The statistical study revealed that embryos of different developmental days had considerable variations in average ossified lengths for the humerus of the FL, especially Rp, and the femur of the HL, notably in Jq. On day 8, microscopic examination revealed a hypertrophic area with enlarged chondrocytes in the middle and sides of the diaphysis. Osteoblasts significantly augmented the periosteal bone collar around the mid-diaphysis, enhancing its thickness toward the diaphysis center; by day 16, the primary woven bone had developed.

Conclusion:
This study highlighted the growth rate of the hind limb in precocial embryos, particularly in Jq, which was higher than that in other embryos. These data serve as essential indicators and indispensable parameters for interpreting and elucidating the data collected in these studies.

Key words: Avian embryo, Chondrification, Limb development, Osteogenesis, Skeletogenesis


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Karim IMA, Al-agele RA. Histomorphometry of limb skeletogenesis in prehatched precocial embryos (Japanese quail and Cochin chicken) and altricial embryos (racing pigeons and cockatiel birds). Open Vet J. 2025; 15(5): 2138-2148. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.32

Web Style

Karim IMA, Al-agele RA. Histomorphometry of limb skeletogenesis in prehatched precocial embryos (Japanese quail and Cochin chicken) and altricial embryos (racing pigeons and cockatiel birds). https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=240930 [Access: June 06, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.32

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Karim IMA, Al-agele RA. Histomorphometry of limb skeletogenesis in prehatched precocial embryos (Japanese quail and Cochin chicken) and altricial embryos (racing pigeons and cockatiel birds). Open Vet J. 2025; 15(5): 2138-2148. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.32


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Karim IMA, Al-agele RA. Histomorphometry of limb skeletogenesis in prehatched precocial embryos (Japanese quail and Cochin chicken) and altricial embryos (racing pigeons and cockatiel birds). Open Vet J. (2025), [cited June 06, 2025]; 15(5): 2138-2148. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.32


Harvard Style

Karim, I. M. A. & Al-agele, . R. A. (2025) Histomorphometry of limb skeletogenesis in prehatched precocial embryos (Japanese quail and Cochin chicken) and altricial embryos (racing pigeons and cockatiel birds). Open Vet J, 15 (5), 2138-2148. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.32


Turabian Style

Karim, Iftikhar Mohammed Abdul, and Ramzi Abdulghafoor Al-agele. 2025. Histomorphometry of limb skeletogenesis in prehatched precocial embryos (Japanese quail and Cochin chicken) and altricial embryos (racing pigeons and cockatiel birds). Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (5), 2138-2148. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.32


Chicago Style

Karim, Iftikhar Mohammed Abdul, and Ramzi Abdulghafoor Al-agele. "Histomorphometry of limb skeletogenesis in prehatched precocial embryos (Japanese quail and Cochin chicken) and altricial embryos (racing pigeons and cockatiel birds)." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 2138-2148. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.32


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Karim, Iftikhar Mohammed Abdul, and Ramzi Abdulghafoor Al-agele. "Histomorphometry of limb skeletogenesis in prehatched precocial embryos (Japanese quail and Cochin chicken) and altricial embryos (racing pigeons and cockatiel birds)." Open Veterinary Journal 15.5 (2025), 2138-2148. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.32


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Karim, I. M. A. & Al-agele, . R. A. (2025) Histomorphometry of limb skeletogenesis in prehatched precocial embryos (Japanese quail and Cochin chicken) and altricial embryos (racing pigeons and cockatiel birds). Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (5), 2138-2148. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.32


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