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The alarming spread of Japanese encephalitis: A growing public health concern

Anindita Riesti Retno Arimurti, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Dita Artanti, Vella Rohmayani, Tara Puri Ducha Rahmani, Arifin Budiman Nugraha, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Fitrine Ekawasti, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Wasito Wasito, Syahputra Wibowo, Julaeha Julaeha, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Ima Fauziah, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih.


Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes. JE is caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a member of the flavivirus genus. In 1871, the first JEV-related encephalitis outbreak was documented in Japan. JEV is the primary cause of viral encephalitis in the Asian subcontinent. Furthermore, isolated outbreaks have also been noted in northern Australia and the Western Pacific. The first JEV infection usually results in a strong physiological immune response in humans, including cellular and adaptive humoral immunity. The neurological system is the primary site of the alterations. JE mostly affects the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, and thalamus. The disease's initial symptoms show up six to fourteen days after the incubation period. Typically, it begins with a temperature above 38°C, chills, headaches similar to meningitis, muscle aches, and vomiting. The established method for diagnosing JE is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (ELISA). JEV can be spread by a variety of Culex mosquito species. Risk factors for JE include travel, outdoor activities, accommodation, proximity to animals, gender, and age. The WHO estimates that 15,000 people die from JE each year, with about 50,000 cases occurring globally. This illness has no known cure. The only kind of treatment is supportive. A large number of approved vaccines are used to prevent JEV. Strategies to avoid human illness and interfere with the virus's enzootic cycle are used to control JE.

Key words: Culex, JE, JEV, Public health, Virus


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Arimurti ARR, Khairullah AR, Artanti D, Rohmayani V, Rahmani TPD, Nugraha AB, Furqoni AH, Kusala MKJ, Wardhani BWK, Ekawasti F, Moses IB, Wasito W, Wibowo S, Julaeha J, Ahmad RZ, Fauzia KA, Fauziah I, Kurniasih DAA. The alarming spread of Japanese encephalitis: A growing public health concern. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(4): 1505-1519. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.1

Web Style

Arimurti ARR, Khairullah AR, Artanti D, Rohmayani V, Rahmani TPD, Nugraha AB, Furqoni AH, Kusala MKJ, Wardhani BWK, Ekawasti F, Moses IB, Wasito W, Wibowo S, Julaeha J, Ahmad RZ, Fauzia KA, Fauziah I, Kurniasih DAA. The alarming spread of Japanese encephalitis: A growing public health concern. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=233527 [Access: May 01, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.1

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Arimurti ARR, Khairullah AR, Artanti D, Rohmayani V, Rahmani TPD, Nugraha AB, Furqoni AH, Kusala MKJ, Wardhani BWK, Ekawasti F, Moses IB, Wasito W, Wibowo S, Julaeha J, Ahmad RZ, Fauzia KA, Fauziah I, Kurniasih DAA. The alarming spread of Japanese encephalitis: A growing public health concern. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(4): 1505-1519. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.1


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Arimurti ARR, Khairullah AR, Artanti D, Rohmayani V, Rahmani TPD, Nugraha AB, Furqoni AH, Kusala MKJ, Wardhani BWK, Ekawasti F, Moses IB, Wasito W, Wibowo S, Julaeha J, Ahmad RZ, Fauzia KA, Fauziah I, Kurniasih DAA. The alarming spread of Japanese encephalitis: A growing public health concern. Open Vet J. (2025), [cited May 01, 2025]; 15(4): 1505-1519. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.1


Harvard Style

Arimurti, A. R. R., Khairullah, . A. R., Artanti, . D., Rohmayani, . V., Rahmani, . T. P. D., Nugraha, . A. B., Furqoni, . A. H., Kusala, . M. K. J., Wardhani, . B. W. K., Ekawasti, . F., Moses, . I. B., Wasito, . W., Wibowo, . S., Julaeha, . J., Ahmad, . R. Z., Fauzia, . K. A., Fauziah, . I. & Kurniasih, . D. A. A. (2025) The alarming spread of Japanese encephalitis: A growing public health concern. Open Vet J, 15 (4), 1505-1519. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.1


Turabian Style

Arimurti, Anindita Riesti Retno, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Dita Artanti, Vella Rohmayani, Tara Puri Ducha Rahmani, Arifin Budiman Nugraha, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Fitrine Ekawasti, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Wasito Wasito, Syahputra Wibowo, Julaeha Julaeha, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Ima Fauziah, and Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih. 2025. The alarming spread of Japanese encephalitis: A growing public health concern. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (4), 1505-1519. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.1


Chicago Style

Arimurti, Anindita Riesti Retno, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Dita Artanti, Vella Rohmayani, Tara Puri Ducha Rahmani, Arifin Budiman Nugraha, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Fitrine Ekawasti, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Wasito Wasito, Syahputra Wibowo, Julaeha Julaeha, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Ima Fauziah, and Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih. "The alarming spread of Japanese encephalitis: A growing public health concern." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 1505-1519. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.1


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Arimurti, Anindita Riesti Retno, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Dita Artanti, Vella Rohmayani, Tara Puri Ducha Rahmani, Arifin Budiman Nugraha, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Fitrine Ekawasti, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Wasito Wasito, Syahputra Wibowo, Julaeha Julaeha, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Ima Fauziah, and Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih. "The alarming spread of Japanese encephalitis: A growing public health concern." Open Veterinary Journal 15.4 (2025), 1505-1519. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.1


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Arimurti, A. R. R., Khairullah, . A. R., Artanti, . D., Rohmayani, . V., Rahmani, . T. P. D., Nugraha, . A. B., Furqoni, . A. H., Kusala, . M. K. J., Wardhani, . B. W. K., Ekawasti, . F., Moses, . I. B., Wasito, . W., Wibowo, . S., Julaeha, . J., Ahmad, . R. Z., Fauzia, . K. A., Fauziah, . I. & Kurniasih, . D. A. A. (2025) The alarming spread of Japanese encephalitis: A growing public health concern. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (4), 1505-1519. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.1


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