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Research Article


Evaluation of anesthetic, locomotor, and sedative scores for lumbosacral epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in sheep

Sultan Fadel Al-haid, Sayed Fathi El-hawari, Adel Ibrahim Almubarak, Zakriya Ali Al Mohamad, Sherief Mohamed Abdel-raheem, Hazem Assem Youssef, Ahmed Mohamed Abdallah.


Abstract
Background:
Lumbosacral epidural analgesia is one of the most important techniques for sheep anesthesia and is frequently used for surgery in caudal body regions.

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive, locomotor, and sedative effects of lumbosacral epidural injection of bupivacaine alone or in conjunction with dexmetatomidine in sheep.

Methods:
Nine clinically healthy mixed-breed sheep were used. Each sheep received either bupivacaine (BUP) alone or bupivacaine in combination with dexmetatomidine (BUP-DEX). The heart rate, heart rhythm, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were monitored. Anesthetic onset, recumbency duration, and unassisted standing time were recorded. Analgesic, sedative, and locomotor scores were assessed using established numeric scales.

Results:
Analgesia onset was noted after 6.50 ± 2.75 min in the BUP group and after 4.33 ± 0.67 min in the BUP-DEX group. Sheep showed tendency for recumbency in BUP group at 3.33 ± 1.28 min after epidural injection and at 3.00 ± 0.68 min after epidural injection in the BUP-DEX group. Animals tended to stand earlier in the BUP group (199.83 ± 23.55 min) than in the BUP-DEX group (496.00 ± 82.97 min) (p = 0.014). Marked sedation was noted in the BUP-DEX group. Motor block was detected in both groups. The analgesic score was more intense and had a longer duration in BUP-DEX than in BUP. Minimal cardiorespiratory changes were observed in BUP-DEX.

Conclusion:
Briefly, using of bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine mixture for epidural anesthesia is an important technique in sheep subjected to long-term surgical operations in the tail, perineal, inguinal, hind limb, flank, and umbilical regions with sufficient sedation, long-term recumbency, and minimal side effects.

Key words: Bupivacaine, Dexmedetomidine, Epidural anesthesia, Sheep


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Al-haid SF, El-hawari SF, Almubarak AI, Mohamad ZAA, Abdel-raheem SM, Youssef HA, Abdallah AM. Evaluation of anesthetic, locomotor, and sedative scores for lumbosacral epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in sheep. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(4): 1803-1811. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.33

Web Style

Al-haid SF, El-hawari SF, Almubarak AI, Mohamad ZAA, Abdel-raheem SM, Youssef HA, Abdallah AM. Evaluation of anesthetic, locomotor, and sedative scores for lumbosacral epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in sheep. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=247698 [Access: May 08, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.33

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Al-haid SF, El-hawari SF, Almubarak AI, Mohamad ZAA, Abdel-raheem SM, Youssef HA, Abdallah AM. Evaluation of anesthetic, locomotor, and sedative scores for lumbosacral epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in sheep. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(4): 1803-1811. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.33


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Al-haid SF, El-hawari SF, Almubarak AI, Mohamad ZAA, Abdel-raheem SM, Youssef HA, Abdallah AM. Evaluation of anesthetic, locomotor, and sedative scores for lumbosacral epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in sheep. Open Vet J. (2025), [cited May 08, 2025]; 15(4): 1803-1811. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.33


Harvard Style

Al-haid, S. F., El-hawari, . S. F., Almubarak, . A. I., Mohamad, . Z. A. A., Abdel-raheem, . S. M., Youssef, . H. A. & Abdallah, . A. M. (2025) Evaluation of anesthetic, locomotor, and sedative scores for lumbosacral epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in sheep. Open Vet J, 15 (4), 1803-1811. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.33


Turabian Style

Al-haid, Sultan Fadel, Sayed Fathi El-hawari, Adel Ibrahim Almubarak, Zakriya Ali Al Mohamad, Sherief Mohamed Abdel-raheem, Hazem Assem Youssef, and Ahmed Mohamed Abdallah. 2025. Evaluation of anesthetic, locomotor, and sedative scores for lumbosacral epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in sheep. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (4), 1803-1811. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.33


Chicago Style

Al-haid, Sultan Fadel, Sayed Fathi El-hawari, Adel Ibrahim Almubarak, Zakriya Ali Al Mohamad, Sherief Mohamed Abdel-raheem, Hazem Assem Youssef, and Ahmed Mohamed Abdallah. "Evaluation of anesthetic, locomotor, and sedative scores for lumbosacral epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in sheep." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 1803-1811. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.33


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Al-haid, Sultan Fadel, Sayed Fathi El-hawari, Adel Ibrahim Almubarak, Zakriya Ali Al Mohamad, Sherief Mohamed Abdel-raheem, Hazem Assem Youssef, and Ahmed Mohamed Abdallah. "Evaluation of anesthetic, locomotor, and sedative scores for lumbosacral epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in sheep." Open Veterinary Journal 15.4 (2025), 1803-1811. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.33


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Al-haid, S. F., El-hawari, . S. F., Almubarak, . A. I., Mohamad, . Z. A. A., Abdel-raheem, . S. M., Youssef, . H. A. & Abdallah, . A. M. (2025) Evaluation of anesthetic, locomotor, and sedative scores for lumbosacral epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in sheep. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (4), 1803-1811. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.33


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