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Research Article


Isolation and identification of the H9N2 virus that caused the decline in poultry egg production in Indonesia from 2011 to 2018 using the RT–PCR-sequencing method

Kadek Rachmawati, Kuncoro Puguh Santoso, Rochmah Kurnijasanti, Aswin Rafif Khairullah.


Abstract
Background:
The Influenza A Virus subtype H9 is enzootic in portions of North and Central Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, where it significantly reduces the chicken industry's profitability. The H9N2 virus was reported in Indonesia in late 2016 causing decreased egg production and increased mortality. Research on the H9N2 virus is very important as an early warning of reassortment with potentially pandemic viruses such as the HPAI virus subtype H5N1.

Aim:
This study is a tracking study aimed at isolating and identifying the H9N2 virus in laying hens from samples from 2011-2018 in Indonesia.

Methods:
Sequencing was performed on 2949 samples obtained from tracheal and cloacal swabs after they were examined for the H9N2 virus using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Results:
One positive sample came from West Java in 2017. The results of phylogenetic analysis revealed that this virus belongs to the China-Vietnam-Indonesia (CVI) lineage and is related to the A/chicken/West Java/VSN791/2017(H9N2) and A/chicken/Viet Nam/QN-2576/2015(H9N2) viruses.

Conclusion:
As an early warning system for AI outbreaks, active surveillance is still required to track the progress of LPAI viruses like H9N2.

Key words: Chickens, Indonesia, Influenza, H9N2, Virus


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Rachmawati K, Santoso KP, Kurnijasanti R, Khairullah AR. Isolation and identification of the H9N2 virus that caused the decline in poultry egg production in Indonesia from 2011 to 2018 using the RT–PCR-sequencing method. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(6): 2815-2822. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.50

Web Style

Rachmawati K, Santoso KP, Kurnijasanti R, Khairullah AR. Isolation and identification of the H9N2 virus that caused the decline in poultry egg production in Indonesia from 2011 to 2018 using the RT–PCR-sequencing method. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=246437 [Access: July 12, 2025]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.50

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Rachmawati K, Santoso KP, Kurnijasanti R, Khairullah AR. Isolation and identification of the H9N2 virus that caused the decline in poultry egg production in Indonesia from 2011 to 2018 using the RT–PCR-sequencing method. Open Vet J. 2025; 15(6): 2815-2822. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.50


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Rachmawati K, Santoso KP, Kurnijasanti R, Khairullah AR. Isolation and identification of the H9N2 virus that caused the decline in poultry egg production in Indonesia from 2011 to 2018 using the RT–PCR-sequencing method. Open Vet J. (2025), [cited July 12, 2025]; 15(6): 2815-2822. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.50


Harvard Style

Rachmawati, K., Santoso, . K. P., Kurnijasanti, . R. & Khairullah, . A. R. (2025) Isolation and identification of the H9N2 virus that caused the decline in poultry egg production in Indonesia from 2011 to 2018 using the RT–PCR-sequencing method. Open Vet J, 15 (6), 2815-2822. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.50


Turabian Style

Rachmawati, Kadek, Kuncoro Puguh Santoso, Rochmah Kurnijasanti, and Aswin Rafif Khairullah. 2025. Isolation and identification of the H9N2 virus that caused the decline in poultry egg production in Indonesia from 2011 to 2018 using the RT–PCR-sequencing method. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (6), 2815-2822. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.50


Chicago Style

Rachmawati, Kadek, Kuncoro Puguh Santoso, Rochmah Kurnijasanti, and Aswin Rafif Khairullah. "Isolation and identification of the H9N2 virus that caused the decline in poultry egg production in Indonesia from 2011 to 2018 using the RT–PCR-sequencing method." Open Veterinary Journal 15 (2025), 2815-2822. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.50


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Rachmawati, Kadek, Kuncoro Puguh Santoso, Rochmah Kurnijasanti, and Aswin Rafif Khairullah. "Isolation and identification of the H9N2 virus that caused the decline in poultry egg production in Indonesia from 2011 to 2018 using the RT–PCR-sequencing method." Open Veterinary Journal 15.6 (2025), 2815-2822. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.50


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Rachmawati, K., Santoso, . K. P., Kurnijasanti, . R. & Khairullah, . A. R. (2025) Isolation and identification of the H9N2 virus that caused the decline in poultry egg production in Indonesia from 2011 to 2018 using the RT–PCR-sequencing method. Open Veterinary Journal, 15 (6), 2815-2822. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.50


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