Open Veterinary Journal, (2025), Vol. 15(8): 3838-3847

Research Article

10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i8.49

Awareness of fasciolosis among household dairy farmers in Boyolali, Indonesia

Heri Kurnianto^1,2, Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon^2*, Nor Azlina Abdul Aziz³, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto⁴ and Rini Nur Hayati⁵

¹Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia

²Department of Farm & Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia

³Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia

⁴Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

⁵Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia

*Corresponding Author: Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon. Department of Farm & Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia. Email: sramanoon [at] upm.edu.my

Submitted: 07/03/2025 Revised: 13/07/2025 Accepted: 26/07/2025 Published: 31/08/2025

---

ABSTRACT

Background: Fasciolosis is a global parasitic disease that causes enormous economic losses in the ruminant industry by affecting the production of meat and milk. Farmers play an influential role in mitigating the parasite’s lifecycle because cattle are a common host of the parasite.

Aim: This study evaluated the awareness and knowledge of dairy farmers in Boyolali regarding fasciolosis.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a dairy farming center in Boyolali, Indonesia, among 72 farmers who were recruited conveniently and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the association between the independent and dependent variables. The significance level was set at a p-value of <0.05.

Results: Forty-eight (66.7%) respondents had ever heard of fasciolosis. The educational level of the respondents was significantly associated with their awareness of fasciolosis (χ²=10.06, df=1, p=0.002). Farmers with a higher level of education were more likely to be aware of fasciolosis than those with a basic level of education [odds ratio (OR)=5.80, 95% CI 1.85–18.18]. Nevertheless, 44 (61.1%) farmers were aware of the disease but demonstrated a lack of knowledge. Farmers with basic educational levels (OR=0.16, 95% CI 0.05–0.52), and herd size less than five (OR=0.31, 95% CI 0.10–0.95) were more likely to have poor knowledge of fasciolosis.

Conclusion: Despite the relatively high level of fasciolosis awareness among dairy farmers, a knowledge gap remains. Periodic extension programs are recommended to improve the knowledge of farmers about fasciolosis and its control and prevention.

Keywords: Awareness, Boyolali, Dairy farmers, Fasciolosis, Knowledge.

---

Introduction

Fasciolosis is a severe trematode disease caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica and is one of the most neglected tropical diseases affecting humans and animals (Lalor et al., 2021). Moreover, the infection is a vector-borne parasitic disease in which freshwater snails play a critical role as intermediate hosts in the life cycle of the fasciolid, and it has the widest known geographic distribution (Mas-Coma et al., 2019). It has been reported on all inhabited continents—Asia, Africa, Europe, America, and Australia—and causes substantial economic losses in the context of animal production, estimated at USD 3.2 billion annually (Mehmood et al., 2017). Epidemiologically, fasciolosis is a result of complicated connections between ecological, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables (Fürst et al., 2019). Domesticated animals under the conventional household system have a considerable prevalence of liver fluke infection (Keyyu et al., 2005; El Damaty et al., 2018). Subsequently, a high incidence of fasciolosis was reported due to a lack of awareness among farmers and poor management (Mehmood et al., 2017). To date, anthelmintic treatment has proven to be the most effective control of fasciolosis, despite its relatively high cost. Farmers play a considerable role in mitigating liver fluke infection because ruminants are the most common host of the fasciolid. At the same time, they are also at high risk of infection with the parasites (Astiti et al., 2015).

Farmers’ perceptions can be used to evaluate the level of knowledge on pathogen infection hazards. In particular, awareness of zoonotic infections is crucial because the ignorance of traditional farmers encourages high-risk behavior (Tebug et al., 2015). In the Indonesian context, although fasciolosis is mostly reported in animals, human cases have also been reported recently (Astiti et al., 2015). Fasciola spp. eggs have been detected not only in rural or surrounding farming zones but also in urban areas, such as fecal sludge from hotels, offices, and residential areas (Muntalif et al., 2020). The (re)emergence of fasciolosis in several countries is due to human factors, including irrigation system construction, livestock management, hazardous water usage, and raw vegetable diet (Sabourin et al., 2018). Furthermore, the prevalence of fasciolosis has been associated with a variety of socio-demographic characteristics (El-Tahawy et al., 2017). Hence, dissemination of information through extension programs would be advantageous for groups with poor knowledge of fasciolosis.

Fasciolosis is an endemic infection in many parts of Indonesia, including the eight big islands such as Sumatera (Rozy et al., 2015; Siswanto et al., 2018; Hambal et al., 2020), Java (Ananta et al., 2014; Hamid et al., 2016; Rinca et al., 2019; Kusumarini et al., 2020; Nurhidayah et al., 2020; Kurnianto et al., 2022), Kalimantan (Hairani et al., 2018; Prasetya et al., 2019; Martindah et al., 2022), Bali (Winaya et al., 2020), Sulawesi (Ginger Budiono et al., 2018), West Nusa Tenggara (Astiti et al., 2015), and Papua (Purwaningsih et al., 2019). The disease has been reported to infect domesticated (Kusumarini et al., 2020; Nurhidayah et al., 2020; Kurnianto et al., 2022) and wildlife animals (Muryani et al., 2008; Purnama et al., 2021). Boyolali is a region located on Java Island and is one of the dairy farming centers in Indonesia. Historically, it played a role in the early stages of Indonesia’s dairy development, which began in the 19^th century or the colonial era (Subandriyo and Adiarto, 2009). Most dairy farms in Indonesia are small-scale and practice the traditional household system. Indonesian dairy farms are primarily located in the middle to high altitudes. In rural areas, cattle housing is found in the backyard or attached to farmers’ houses. Moreover, most farmers do not have forage land, and the cattle are kept intensively using cut-and-carry methods. Farmers rely on agricultural waste originating from food crops as a food source for their animals. Despite conventional methods, integrated farming systems are implemented in which the animal manure is utilized for fertilizing the fields of crops, and its by-products are used as animal feed.

Although fasciolosis is endemic in cattle in Indonesia, there is a lack of information on the level of awareness about fasciolosis, particularly among dairy farmers. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess farmers’ knowledge and awareness of fasciolosis in Boyolali, Indonesia. The findings of this study provide a valuable starting point for future mitigation strategies.

---

Materials and Methods

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Ref. no.: JKEUPM-2020-181).

Study area

This study was conducted in a dairy farming center in Boyolali regency, Indonesia, located at a latitude 7°27’25.55”–7°52’63.7”S and longitude 110°30’19.77”–110°57’72.7”E, with an elevation of approximately 500–1,600 m above sea level. The area lies on the slope of Mt. Merapi and Mt. Merbabu.

According to the latest official data in 2019 (BPS-Boyolali, 2020), there were approximately 92,000 heads of dairy cattle in the Boyolali Regency, mainly owned by small-scale farmers and family businesses. All family members usually have equal responsibility in cattle management. The cattle farms involved in this study are located within residential areas, kept in the backyard or attached to the owners’ houses, and intensively managed with a cut-and-carry system.

Study design and sampling methods

A cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire was conducted from February to July 2020. Farmers were considered eligible if they had at least one dairy cow. Respondents were conveniently recruited, and the farmers were first briefed about the study’s background and objectives and the confidentiality of all information provided. They were then invited to participate in the study, and upon agreement, a letter of approval was signed, followed by a face-to-face interview. A total of 72 farmers from eight sub-districts of the entire dairy farming area were involved in the study.

Data collection

A structured, closed-ended questionnaire was developed in Bahasa Indonesia and English to collect data on fasciolosis knowledge. The survey was administered through an in-person interview conducted by a veterinarian and an assistant. The content validation of the questionnaire was performed by one veterinary epidemiologist and two veterinary parasitologists. A pre-test was executed by the researcher to identify confusing questions, ambiguous, or misleading. The testing also helped to identify potential problems, feasibility, and duration to complete the questionnaire.

The questionnaire comprised three sections. The first section discussed sociodemographic information, such as gender, age, education, informal education (i.e., participation in an extension program), occupation, experience in dairy farming, and herd size. The second section aimed to capture the general awareness of farmers about fasciolosis, and farmers were asked: “Have you ever heard about fasciolosis before? with “Yes/No” response. Section three examined what farmers know about fasciolosis, which comprises six general statements: “Fasciolosis can be transmitted to humans (i.e., zoonotic disease)”; “Liver flukes reduce milk production and reproduction of dairy cows”; “Dairy cows need to be dewormed routinely,” “Un-rotational anthelmintic and not properly dosage can cause drug-resistant,” “Liver fluke is potentially transmitted through the provision of wet or fresh rice straw,” and “The cleanliness level of the cattle housing could cause helminthiasis.” Three possible answers (Yes/No, and Neutral) were provided for each question. Answers “Yes” were correct responses and scored 1; “No” were incorrect responses and scored −1, and a score of 0 was considered neutral.

Data analysis

Data were entered and managed in Microsoft Excel 2019 (Microsoft Inc., Redmond, WA) and then exported to SPSS software version 26 (IBM Corp. Armonk, USA). The independent variables (socio-demographic factors) were categorized and assigned value labels depending on the level. Descriptive statistics were used to compute the frequency and percentage of respondents’ responses to each question. The total number of responses for each question was taken as the denominator when calculating percentages.

The total potential score range for knowledge was between −6 and 6. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to measure the internal reliability. One cut-off point for knowledge was determined using the median of the total score, and respondents were categorized into two groups: poor and good. The categorized overall scores for farmers’ knowledge were used as the outcome variable.

Univariate analysis using the Chi-squared test was performed to evaluate associations between categorical variables. Variables with a p < 0.05 in the univariate analyses were further analyzed using the multivariate logistic regression analysis. The explanatory variables assessed were: age (three groups), farmer education level (two groups), extension program participation (two groups), occupation (two groups), years of experience in farming (two groups), and herd size (two groups). Results were presented as odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence intervals (CI). Spearman’s rank correlation was used to determine the relationships between the level of general awareness and knowledge. A final two-tailed p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in all analyses.

---

Results

Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents

A total of 72 respondents participated in the study during the 6-month period. Table 1 presents the characteristics of the respondents. Sixty-nine (95.8%) respondents regarded dairy husbandry as a primary occupation with an average herd size of 9 cattle. Seventy (97.2%) respondents were male, 56.9% were over 50 years of age, and 44.4% had farming experience of over 25 years. More than half (52.8%) of the respondents had higher levels of formal education (mostly secondary school). Most of them (58.3%) had participated in veterinary-related extension programs.

General awareness and knowledge of fasciolosis

Table 1 shows the associations between awareness of fasciolosis and general characteristics of farmers. The majority of the respondents (67%) were aware of fasciolosis. The educational level of the respondents was significantly associated with the awareness of fasciolosis (x²=10.06, df=1, p=0.002). Farmers with a higher level of education were more likely to be aware of fasciolosis than those with a basic level of education (OR=5.80, 95% CI 1.85–18.18).

Table 2 shows the results of the respondents’ knowledge of fasciolosis. Overall, over 50% of the respondents lacked knowledge about fasciolosis. Most of them (79%) were unaware that fasciolosis is a zoonotic disease. Less than 50% of the respondents presumed that fasciolosis does not negatively impact milk yield and reproductive performance. However, 54% of farmers considered that cattle need routine deworming. Most respondents (70.8%) did not know that the parasite could be transmitted through wet or fresh rice straw, and prolonged use of the same anthelminthic on their animals may cause drug resistance. Interestingly, 83% of respondents were sure that the cleanliness of animal housing affects the severity of helminthiasis in their animals.

The median of total knowledge score of respondents in this study was 2 (range: from −4 to 6). Using this value as the cut-off point, 33.3% of farmers had good knowledge (score > 2), while 66.7% showed poor knowledge (score < 2) of fasciolosis. Univariate analysis revealed that educational level (p=0.002) and herd size (p=0.045) were significantly associated with knowledge (Fig. 1). Furthermore, the final logistic regression model (Table 3) shows that farmers with a basic educational level and herd size < 5 were more likely to have poor knowledge of fasciolosis.

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients showed that the knowledge category was significantly positively associated with the status of farmers who have heard about fasciolosis (rs=0.44, p < 0.001). Cronbach’s alpha for knowledge items was 0.63.

---

Discussion

This study is the first attempt to assess the awareness of household dairy farmers in Indonesia regarding fasciolosis. The majority of farmers in the survey were of middle age, and some were considered elderly. Their average age was slightly older than that of farmers surveyed from other dairy farming areas in Indonesia (Widyobroto et al., 2018; Jahroh et al., 2020). The farmer’s age is an important factor in determining farm performance, in which most of the available labor in rural farming relies on family members as workers. Almost all participants stated that farming was their primary livelihood; mainly, the dairy cattle were aimed for milk production (Widyobroto et al., 2018), where they earned money from the daily sale of fresh milk. The average years of experience in dairy farming reported in this study were approximately 25 years, which is longer than what previous Indonesian studies have reported, 22 years in East Java and 18 years in West Java (Jahroh et al., 2020) and 16 years in Yogyakarta (Widyobroto et al., 2018). Farmers’ age and experience were significant factors impacting the effectiveness of Indonesian dairy farming, which increased age and experience in line with the decreasing business inefficiency (Asmara et al., 2016). In terms of cattle ownership, they have an average of less than ten cows per farm, which is consistent with earlier studies (Asmara et al., 2016; Widyobroto et al., 2018; Jahroh et al., 2020). Similar to the findings of Widyobroto et al. (2018), most respondents had a higher academic background, even though they had only completed junior or senior high school. These findings may reflect the general level of formal education and herd size of most smallholder dairy farms in Indonesia (Nurtini and Muzayyanah, 2014).

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of household dairy farmers in Boyolali, Indonesia, who participated in the survey assessing knowledge and awareness on fasciolosis in dairy cattle.

Table 2. Assessment of fasciolosis-related knowledge among dairy farmers (n=72) in Boyolali, Indonesia.

Overall, more than half of the surveyed farmers have heard of fasciolosis. This finding shows that farmers seem familiar with the disease because fasciolosis is a prevalent cattle disease in Indonesia, particularly in dairy cattle, with a prevalence ranging from 12% to 58% (Siswanto et al., 2018; Zalizar et al., 2021; Kurnianto et al., 2022). Moreover, helminthiasis, including liver fluke infection, is a government priority in the eradication program (Bblitvet, 2013). In the Indonesian context, perhaps they have heard and seen the actual worm of Fasciola spp. directly since the disease is commonly found in the liver of the sacrificial animals during the Moslem festivities of Eid al-Adha (Kusumarini et al., 2020). During this celebration, animals are primarily slaughtered in mosques due to the limited capacity of regional slaughterhouses. Nevertheless, the authorities continue to supervise these activities by sending veterinary officers to the location. Typically, people had unrestricted access to and observation of slaughtered animals, and some of them participated in the activities. At the time, the government often used it as a medium to disseminate information, mainly about proper practices in selecting animals and slaughter procedures. Animal diseases are frequently presented in the program, and liver fluke infection notably emerged in the discussion. Thus, it is unavoidable that they are informed about fasciolosis at the time and have personally experienced seeing the worms. Rast et al. (2017) reported a significant correlation between farmers who have observed fluke-like worms in slaughtered cattle and the incidence of fasciolosis at their farms.

Fig. 1. Distribution of household dairy farmers’ knowledge of fasciolosis according to explanatory variables in Boyolali, Indonesia (n=72).

Table 3. Logistic regression analysis of variables associated with knowledge of fasciolosis among household dairy farmers in Boyolali, Indonesia.

The findings of this study also revealed that education level had a significant association with general farmers’ awareness of fasciolosis. These results are in agreement with El-Tahawy et al. (2017), who reported that cattle owned by farmers with a higher educational background were less likely to have fasciolosis. Educational background may correlate with the ability to receive and critically think about information. Although their educational qualification was not in veterinary or animal science, they were eager to remain informed about liver fluke disease that could affect their animals, or encourage them to practice good animal husbandry.

This study also revealed that the majority of respondents had poor knowledge about fasciolosis. This indicates inadequacy in knowledge transfer that could be due to the remote location of farms, which limits training and information dissemination, as well as the lack of resources for animal health and cattle production extension systems in the country (Rast et al., 2017). Most of them believed that fasciolosis was not a disease that could be transmitted from animals to humans. Given the rarity of liver infection in humans in Indonesia, it is possible that people are ignorant of the risks of the disease (Mas-Coma et al., 2018). To date, only one study has documented human fasciolosis in Indonesia, and that study dealt with a case involving beef cattle farmers in West Nusa Tenggara (Astiti et al., 2015). Other studies have reported that foreigners who have previously lived in Indonesia brought the infection back to their own countries (Figtree et al., 2015; Norizuki et al., 2015). Limited reports of fasciolosis may also pertain to the country’s health system, and indeed, fasciolosis is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTDs) (WHO, 2013). It is not considered a crucial transmissible disease and is commonly found in tropical countries and poverty (Engels and Zhou, 2020). Approximately half of the farmers were unaware that fasciolosis affects the productivity and reproductive performance of dairy cows. In contrast, Howell et al. (2015) revealed that fasciolosis caused a 15% decrease in milk production at the herd level. Moreover, when the prevalence of fasciolosis exceeds 30%, the annual weight gain is reduced by 20–40 kg, and the pregnancy rate is lowered by 10% (Copeman and Copland, 2008). Farmers may acknowledge that various factors, in addition to animal health, affect cattle performance. As confirmed by Ramirez-Rivera et al. (2019), milk production is influenced not only by health factors but also by complex factors such as genetics, nutrition, physiology, and environmental factors. Nonetheless, farmers should pay special attention to the disease to avoid economic losses because the disease has a direct influence on agricultural output, and its control is costly.

Most farmers did not realize that improper use of anthelmintic agents for controlling fasciolosis, such as underdosing and unrotation, could lead to drug resistance. In developing countries, these factors have contributed the most to anthelmintic resistance (Shalaby, 2013). Currently, deworming remains a highly effective method for controlling fasciolosis, with commercial anthelmintics such as rafoxanide demonstrating proven efficacy in the treatment of Fasciola infections (Mostafa et al., 2023). For example, anthelmintic treatment was significantly correlated with milk quality (Köstenberger et al., 2017) and weight gain (Keyyu et al., 2009). Unfortunately, in Indonesia, farmers can purchase anthelmintic without prescription As a result, farmers are not well informed about the details of the product, including how to administer it properly. Iranian farmers engaged in a similar behavior; they neglected to read the manufacturer’s instructions before administering anthelmintic drugs and failed to consider meat and milk withdrawal periods (Sazmand et al., 2020). Anthelmintic resistance to fasciolids has been extensively reported in various countries (Fairweather et al., 2020), raising significant public and veterinary health concerns. In response to this growing challenge, amidst ongoing efforts to develop effective vaccines (Ur Rehman et al., 2023), plant-based herbal formulations have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional anthelmintic drugs (Al-Hoshani et al., 2024).

Regarding the transmission of fasciolosis, most farmers were unaware that it could be transmitted through paddy straw. In Indonesia, smallholder dairy farmers usually have limited forage land and rely on agricultural waste or by-products as a feed source. Paddy rice straw is one of the primary feed resources in dairy farming in Indonesia (Widyobroto et al., 2019; Oosting et al., 2022) because rice is a staple food in Indonesia, and waste is abundant. Suhardono et al. (2006a) observed that the fresh stem of paddy rice is a source of Fasciola spp., with the most infective larvae often residing in the lower 10 cm of the stem. The irrigated rice field provides a favorable habitat for the intermediate host of fasciolids, i.e., snails (family Lymnaeidae). Moreover, farmers use raw manure as fertilizer for crops; therefore, the field becomes an establishment for the fasciolid life cycle, which begins with the hatched egg and progresses to metacercariae. Nevertheless, infective larvae are susceptible to environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature (Suhardono et al., 2006b). Consequently, grass should be air-dried before being given to the animals. Thus, knowledge of the fasciolosis life cycle is fundamental for farmers to control and prevent the spread of fasciolosis on their farms.

Interestingly, almost all respondents in this study believed that the cleanliness of the farms is associated with the occurrence of helminthiasis. They perceived that cleanliness affects animal health, although they did not realize that fasciolosis could also be a problem. Ahmad-Najib et al. (2021) reported a significant association between fasciolosis and the frequency of farm cleaning. Cattle housing with poor sanitation was 5.61 times more likely to have Fasciola spp. than those with good sanitation (El Damaty et al., 2018). This finding indicates that farmers consider cleanliness a crucial component of farm management. However, farmers need to improve their knowledge on how to maintain farm sanitation to account for the indirect lifecycle of fasciolids.

---

Conclusion

In conclusion, the respondents indicated that they were well aware of fasciolosis. However, the overall knowledge of the disease needs to be improved. Veterinary services should consider factors such as educational background and herd size when designing a program to enhance awareness among dairy farmers in Boyolali, Indonesia. Finally, this study only evaluates farmers’ basic knowledge of fasciolosis; consequently, future research should expand beyond basic knowledge assessment to explore farmers’ attitudes and practices toward fasciolosis to acquire a more comprehensive understanding of farmers’ awareness of fasciolosis. Additionally, longitudinal studies are essential to evaluate the effectiveness of educational and control interventions over time. The integration of One Health approaches—addressing environmental, animal, and human health components—combined with advancements in diagnostics, vaccine development, and alternative therapeutics will be critical to improving fasciolosis control strategies. Furthermore, engaging farmers through participatory research methods will promote greater community involvement and support the sustainable management of fasciolosis in Boyolali and other endemic regions.

---

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA). We also extend our gratitude to the Government of Boyolali for granting research permissions and to the dairy farmers for their kind cooperation during the sampling process.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Funding

This study was fully funded by the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA).

Authors’ contributions

HK: Designed the study, investigation, data analysis, writing – original draft, and editing the manuscript. SZR: Supervision, designed the study, data analysis, and review and editing the manuscript. NAAA and SI: Supervision, designed the study, and review of the manuscript. RNH: review of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Data availability

All data related to this study were included in the manuscript.

---

References

Ahmad-Najib, M., Wan-Nor-Amilah, W.A.W., Wong, W.K., Arizam, M.F. and Noor-Izani, N.J. 2021. Prevalence and risk factors of bovine fascioliasis in Kelantan, Malaysia: a cross-sectional study. Trop. Life Sci. Res. 32(2), 1–14; doi:10.21315/tlsr2021.32.2.1

Al-Hoshani, N., Almahallawi, R., Al-Nabati, E.A., Althubyani, S.A., Negm, S., El-Lkott, A.F., Bajaber, M.A., Soliman, S.M. and Ahmed, A.E. 2024. Anthelmintic effects of herbal mixture of selected plants of apiaceae on Strongylus vulgaris and Fasciola hepatica. Pak. Vet. J. 44(2), 437–441; doi:10.29261/pakvetj/2024.148

Ananta, S.M., Suharno., Hidayat, A. and Matsubayashi, M. 2014. Survey on gastrointestinal parasites and detection of Cryptosporidium spp. on cattle in West Java, Indonesia. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 7(3), 197–201; doi:10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60020-1

Asmara, A., Purnamadewi, Y.L. and Lubis, D. 2016. Keragaan Produksi Susu dan Efisiensi Usaha Peternakan Sapi Perah Rakyat di Indonesia. J. Manaj. dan Agribisnis 13(1), 14–25; doi:10.17358/JMA.13.1.14

Astiti, L., Dradjat, A. and Sriasih, M. 2015. A cross sectional study on Fasciola sp. as a zoonotic disease agent in Bali cattle farmers. Indian J. Vet. Res. 24(1), 8–10.

Bblitvet. 2013. Informasi dan deskripsi singkat penyakit PHMS (penyakit hewan menular strategis). Bogor, Indonesia: Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Badan Litbang Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian.

BPS-Boyolali. 2020. Boyolali Regency in Figure 2020. Statistic Bureau of Boyolali Regency.

Copeman, D.B. and Copland, R.S. 2008. Importance and potential impact of liver fluke in cattle and buffalo. In Overcoming liver fluke as a constraint to ruminant production in South-East Asia. Eds., Gray, G.D., Copland, R.S. and Copeman, D.B. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), pp: 21–36.

El Damaty, H.M., Mahmmod, Y.S., Gouda, S.M. and Sobhy, N.M. 2018. Epidemiological and ultrasonographic investigation of bovine fascioliasis in smallholder production system in Eastern Nile Delta of Egypt. Prev. Vet. Med. 158(2018), 35–42; doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.07.009

El-Tahawy, A.S., Bazh, E.K. and Khalafalla, R.E. 2017. Epidemiology of bovine fascioliasis in the Nile Delta region of Egypt: its prevalence, evaluation of risk factors, and its economic significance. Vet. World 10(10), 1241–1249; doi:10.14202/vetworld.2017.1241-1249

Engels, D. and Zhou, X.N. 2020. Neglected tropical diseases: an effective global response to local poverty-related disease priorities. Infect. Dis. Poverty 9(1), 1–9; doi:10.1186/s40249-020-0630-9

Fairweather, I., Brennan, G.P., Hanna, R.E.B., Robinson, M.W. and Skuce, P.J. 2020. Drug resistance in liver flukes. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 12(2020), 39–59; doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.11.003

Figtree, M., Beaman, M.H., Lee, R., Porter, M., Torey, E., Hugh, T.J. and Hudson, B.J. 2015. Fascioliasis in Australian travellers to Bali. Med. J. Aust. 203(4), 186–188; doi:10.5694/mja15.00010

Fürst, T., Yongvanit, P., Khuntikeo, N., Lun, Z.R., Haagsma, J.A., Torgerson, P.R., Odermatt, P., Bürli, C., Chitnis, N. and Sithithaworn, P. 2019. Food-borne trematodiases in East Asia: epidemiology and burden. In Neglected tropical diseases - East Asia, 1st ed. Eds., Utzinger, J., Yap, P., Bratschi, M. and Steinmann, P. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, pp: 13–38; doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12008-5_2

Ginger Budiono, N., Satrija, F., Ridwan, Y., Nur, D. and Hasmawati. 2018. Trematodoses in cattle and buffalo around schistosomiasis endemic areas in Central Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. J. Ilmu Pertan. Indones. 23(2), 112–126; doi:10.18343/jipi.23.2.112

Hairani, B., Hidayat, S. and Paisal, P. 2018. Confirmation the presencce of Fasciola gigantica and intermediate host in the settlements of swamp ecosystem, Hulu Sungai Utara District, South Kalimantan. Vektora. Jurnal. Vektor. dan. Reservoir Penyakit. 10(1), 75–82; doi:10.22435/vk.v10i1.1054

Hambal, M., Ayuni, R., Vanda, H., Amiruddin, A. and Athaillah, F. 2020. Occurrence of Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistomum spp infection in aceh cattle. In the Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Veterinary, Animal, and Environmental Sciences (ICVAES 2019). Les Ulis Cedex A, France: EDP Sciences, 151, p: 01025; doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202015101025

Hamid, P.H., Kristianingrum, Y.P., Prastowo, J. and Da Silva, L.M.R. 2016. Gastrointestinal parasites of cattle in Central Java. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci. 11(3), 119–124; doi:10.3844/ajavsp.2016.119.124

Howell, A., Baylis, M., Smith, R., Pinchbeck, G. and Williams, D. 2015. Epidemiology and impact of Fasciola hepatica exposure in high-yielding dairy herds. Prev. Vet. Med. 121(1–2), 41–48; doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.05.013

Jahroh, S., Atmakusuma, J., Harmini, H. and Fadillah, A. 2020. Comparative analysis of dairy farming management and business model between East Java and West Java, Indonesia. J. Manaj. Agribisnis 17(1), 96–107; doi:10.17358/jma.17.1.96

Keyyu, J.D., Kyvsgaard, N.C., Monrad, J. and Kassuku, A.A. 2009. Effectiveness of strategic anthelmintic treatments in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes and Fasciola gigantica in cattle in Iringa region, Tanzania. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 41(1), 25–33; doi:10.1007/s11250-008-9150-5

Keyyu, J.D., Monrad, J., Kyvsgaard, N.C. and Kassuku, A.A. 2005. Epidemiology of Fasciola gigantica and amphistomes in cattle on traditional, small-scale dairy and large-scale dairy farms in the southern highlands of Tanzania. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 37(4), 303–314; doi:10.1007/s11250-005-5688-7

Köstenberger, K., Tichy, A., Bauer, K., Pless, P. and Wittek, T. 2017. Associations between fasciolosis and milk production, and the impact of anthelmintic treatment in dairy herds. Parasitol. Res. 116(7), 1981–1987; doi:10.1007/s00436-017-5481-3

Kurnianto, H., Ramanoon, S.Z., Aziz, N.A.A. and Indarjulianto, S. 2022. Prevalence, risk factors, and infection intensity of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Boyolali, Indonesia. Vet. World 15(6), 1438–1448; doi:10.14202/vetworld.2022.1438-1448

Kusumarini, S.R., Permata, F.S., Widyaputri, T., and Prasetyo, D. Prevalence of fasciolosis emphasis on age, origin, body condition and post mortem by geographic information systems on sacrificial examination in Malang District – East Java. In the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering Technology. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing. 2020, pp: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1430/1/012025

Lalor, R., Cwiklinski, K., Calvani, N.E.D., Dorey, A., Hamon, S., Corrales, J.L., Dalton, J.P. and De Marco Verissimo, C. 2021. Pathogenicity and virulence of the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and FasciolaGigantica that cause the zoonosis Fasciolosis. Virulence 12(1), 2839–2867; doi:10.1080/21505594.2021.1996520

Martindah, E., Sawitri, D.H., Sani, Y., Yulistiani, D., Kusumaningrum, D.A., Widiawati, Y., Sisriyeni, D., Gloriana, S. and McCoascker, K. 2022. Investigation of helminth infections on smallholder farming beef cattle at palm-cow integration in East Kalimantan and Riau provinces, Indonesia. In Proceedings of the 9th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production (ISTAP 2021). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Antlantis Press, pp 129–134. doi: 10.2991/absr.k.220207.027.

Mas-Coma, S., Bargues, M.D. and Valero, M.A. 2018. Human fascioliasis infection sources, their diversity, incidence factors, analytical methods and prevention measures. Parasitology 145(13), 1665–1699; doi:10.1017/S0031182018000914

Mas-Coma, S., Valero, M.A. and Bargues, M.D. 2019. Fascioliasis. In Digenetic trematodes, advances in experimental medicine and biology, Eds., Toledo, R. and Fried, B. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp: 71–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_4

Mehmood, K., Zhang, H., Sabir, A.J., Abbas, R.Z., Ijaz, M., Durrani, A.Z., Saleem, M.H., Ur Rehman, M., Iqbal, M.K., Wang, Y., Ahmad, H.I., Abbas, T., Hussain, R., Ghori, M.T., Ali, S., Khan, A.U. and Li, J. 2017. A review on epidemiology, global prevalence and economical losses of fasciolosis in ruminants. Microb. Pathog. 109(2017), 253–262; doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.006

Mostafa, W., Abdel-Rady, A., El-Dakroury, M.F. and Felefel, W. 2023. Field trials to evaluate five fasciolicides against natural liver fluke infection in cattle and sheep in Egypt. Int. J. Vet. Sci. 5(1), 76–81; doi:10.47278/journal.ijvs/2022.160

Muntalif, B.S., Firdayati, M., Lesmono, F.D., Siregar, A.S.V., Notodarmojo, P.A. and Fathuna, I.S. 2020. Helminth eggs assessment of fecal sludge in urban area of Bandung, Indonesia. In Proceedings of the 6th Environmental Technology and Management Conference (ETMC) in conjunction with the 12th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Environmental Engineering (RC EnvE). Les Ulis Cedex A, France: EDP Sciences, 148, p: 04002; doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202014804002

Muryani, A., Tiuria, R., Andriansyah and Agil, M. 2008. Helminthes parasite at feces of Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumtrensis) and Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus surnatranus) in Way Kambas National park Lampung (semi in situ). In Proceedings of Asian Zoo/Wildlife Medicine and Conservation. Bogor, Indonesia: IPB University, p: 142.

Norizuki, M., Sasahara, T., Gomi, H., Morisawa, Y., Takamura, N., Kenzaka, T., Kobayashi, T., Fujiya, Y., Kato, Y. and Matsuoka, H. 2015. A case of fascioliasis treated successfully without sequelae in a Japanese expatriate living in Jakarta. Clin. Med. Insights. Case Rep. 8, 61–63.

Nurhidayah, N., Satrija, F., Retnani, E.B., Astuti, D.A. and Murtini, S. 2019. Prevalence and risk factors of trematode infection in swamp buffaloes reared under different agro-climatic conditions in Java Island of Indonesia. Vet. World 13(12), 687–694.

Nurtini, S. and Muzayyanah, M.A.U. 2014. Profil Peternakan Sapi Perah Rakyat di Indonesia. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Oosting, S., Van Der Lee, J., Verdegem, M., De Vries, M., Vernooij, A., Bonilla-Cedrez, C. and Kabir, K. 2022. Farmed animal production in tropical circular food systems. Food Secur. 14(1), 273–292; doi:10.1007/s12571-021-01205-4

Prasetya, M.R., Lastuti, N.D.R., Koesdarto, S., Suwanti, L.T. and Yunus, M. 2019. Morfometri dan Ultrastruktur Cacing Fasciola gigantica pada Sapi Donggala dan Sapi Bali di Kabupaten Berau, Kalimantan Timur. J. Vet. 20(2), 171–178; doi:10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.2.171

Purnama, M.T.E., Dewi, W.K., Triana, N.M. and Ooi, H.K. 2021. Serum liver enzyme profile in Timor deer (Cervus timorensis) with fascioliasis in Indonesia. Trop. Biomed. 38(1), 57–61; doi:10.47665/tb.38.1.010

Purwaningsih., Widayati, I., Nurhayati, D. and Baaka, A. 2016. Differences in the rearing system toward Bali cattle gastrointestinal helminths infestation in Prafi District, Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province, Indonesia. In Proceedings of the UGM Annual Scientific Conference Life Sciences. Dubai, United Arab Emirates: KnE Life Sciences, 4(11), pp: 262–270; doi: 10.18502/kls.v4i11.3872

Ramírez-Rivera, E.J., Rodríguez-Miranda, J., Huerta-Mora, I.R., Cárdenas-Cágal, A. and Juárez-Barrientos, J.M. 2019. Tropical milk production systems and milk quality: a review. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 51(6), 1295–1305; doi:10.1007/s11250-019-01922-1

Rast, L., Nampanya, S., Toribio, J.A.L.M.L., Khounsy, S. and Windsor, P.A. 2017. Fasciola gigantica infection in large ruminants in northern Laos: smallholder knowledge and practices. Anim. Prod. Sci. 57, 141–146; doi:10.1071/AN141032

Rinca, K.F., Prastowo, J., Widodo, D.P. and Nugraheni, Y.R. 2019. Trematodiasis occurrence in cattle along the Progo River, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Vet. World 12(16), 593–597; doi:10.14202/vetworld.2019.593-597

Rozy, F., Handoko, J. and Febriyanti, R. 2015. Infestasi cacing hati (Fasciola sp.) dan cacing lambung (Paramphistomum sp.) pada sapi Bali dewasa di Kecamatan Tenayan Raya Kota Pekanbaru. J. Sain. Veteriner 33(1), 8–15; doi:10.22146/jsv.8058

Sabourin, E., Alda, P., Vázquez, A., Hurtrez-Boussès, S. and Vittecoq, M. 2018. Impact of human activities on fasciolosis transmission. Trends Parasitol. 34(10), 891–903; doi:10.1016/j.pt.2018.08.004

Sazmand, A., Alipoor, G., Zafari, S., Zolhavarieh, S.M., Alanazi, A.D. and Sargison, N.D. 2020. Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to parasitic diseases and anthelmintic resistance among livestock farmers in Hamedan, Iran. Front. Vet. Sci. 7(584323), 584323; doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.584323

Shalaby, H.A. 2013. Anthelmintics resistance; how to overcome it?. Iran. J. Parasitol. 8(1), 18–32.

Siswanto, S., Hartono, M., Santosa, P.E., Suharyati, S., Larasati, H. and Sirat, M.M.P. 2019. Prevalensi cacing hati sapi perah pada peternakan rakyat di provinsi lampung. J. Ilm. Peternakan Terpadu 6(3), 167–172.

Subandriyo and Adiarto. 2009. Sejarah Perkembangan Peternakan Sapi Perah. In Profil Usaha Peternakan Sapi Perah di Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan, pp: 1–25

Suhardono., Roberts, J.A. and Copeman, D.B. 2006. Distribution of metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica on rice straw. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 38(2), 117–119; doi:10.1007/s11250-006-4312-9

Suhardono., Roberts, J.A. and Copeman, D.B. 2006. The effect of temperature and humidity on longevity of metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 38(5), 371–377; doi:10.1007/s11250-006-4310-y

Tebug, S.F., Kamga-Waladjo, A.R., Ema, P.J.N., Muyeneza, C., Kane, O., Seck, A., Ly, M.T. and Lo, M. 2015. Cattle farmer awareness and behavior regarding prevention of zoonotic disease transmission in Senegal. J. Agromed. 20(2), 217–224; doi:10.1080/1059924X.2015.1010068

Ur Rehman, T., Elsaid, F.G., Toledo, M.M.G., Gentile, A., Gul, R.A., Rashid, M., Aleem, M.T. and Zaman, M.A. 2023. Fasciolosis: recent update in vaccines development and their efficacy. Pak. Vet. J. 43(2), 224–231; doi:10.29261/pakvetj/2023.034

WHO. 2013. Sustaining the drive to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: second WHO report on neglected diseases. Ed., Crompton, D.W. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

Widyobroto, B.P. 2019. Microenvironment identification and the feed availability for dairy cows during dry and wet seasons in the main dairy areas of Yogyakarta – Indonesia. J. Anim. Behaviour. Biometeorol. 7(2), 86–91; doi:10.31893/2318-1265jabb.v7n2p86-91

Widyobroto, B.P., Rochijan., Noviandi, C.T. and Astuti, A. 2018. Dairy cows productivity and socio-economic profile of dairy smallholder’s communities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In Proceedings of the International Ruminant Seminar: “Eco-friendly livestock production for sustainable agriculture”. Bristol, UK: IOP Publishing, 119(1), pp: 12–60; doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/119/1/012060

Winaya, I.B.O., Adi, A.A.A.M., Berata, I.K., Kardena, I.M., Adnyana, I.B.W. and Suardana, I.B.K. 2020. Pathological alteration of Bali cattle hepatobiliary system infected with Fasciola gigantica. J. Vet. 21(4), 654–661; doi:10.19087/jveteriner.2020.21.4.654

Zalizar, L., Rahmawati, K. and Yaro, A. Fasciolosis infection level of various breed cattle in Batu and Pujon District, East Java, Indonesia. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Bioenergy and Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture Technology (ICoN BEAT 2019), 2021, 226, p 29. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202122600029