Open Veterinary Journal, (2025), Vol. 15(1): 85-91

Research Article

10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.7

Determination of the morphology of Eimeria spp. in beef cattle in Bandung Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia

Fathur Rohman Haryadi^1,2, Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo^1*, Dwi Priyowidodo¹, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto³, Fitrine Ekawasti⁴ and Vika Ichsania Ninditya¹

¹Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

²Department of Bioresources Technology and Veterinary, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

³Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

⁴National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia

*Corresponding Author: Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Email: wisnu-nc [at] ugm.ac.id

Submitted: 20/09/2024 Accepted: 10/12/2024 Published: 31/01/2025

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Abstract

Background: Eimeria spp. include endoparasites that can infect the digestive tract of cattle. Coccidiosis can reduce productivity, cause economic losses, increase susceptibility to other diseases, and even cause death; therefore, the urgency of the government’s role in giving special attention to this case. A high potential case was found in farms with poor livestock management systems. Coccidiosis often does not show clinical symptoms; therefore, breeders and veterinarians have difficulty recognizing early symptoms in the field.

Aim: The purpose of the research is to identify and characterize the morphology of Eimeria spp.

Methods: Fresh fecal samples were obtained from 106 beef cattle from Bandung Regency. Examination of fecal samples using the floating method with saturated sugar. The shape of the oocyst was observed using an Optilab microscope and oocyst measurements were performed using Image Raster software.

Result: The examination results showed that 51 stool samples out of the 106 samples tested positive for Eimeria spp. The samples revealed eight different species of Eimeria.

Conclusion: Eight Eimeria spp. were identified from the samples taken from the Bandung regency and they were Eimeria bovis, Eimeria zuernii, Eimeria alabamensis, Eimeria cylindrica, Eimeria auburnensis, Eimeria.wyomingensis, Eimeria pellita, Eimeria canadensis. The prevalence of beef cattle coccidiosis in Bandung Regency was 48.11%. Morphological determination can be used to diagnose Eimeria spp. based on shape, size, shape index, and characteristics.

Keywords: Beef cattle, Coccidiosis, Eimeria, Fecal, Morphological determination.

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Introduction

Livestock sector development programs support the fulfillment of animal protein needs and improve the prosperity of farmers. Beefs are a source of animal protein. Data from the Bandung Regency Animal Husbandry Service shows a high population of beef cattle, namely 22,647 heads (in 2021), 22,332 heads (in 2022), and 20,812 heads (in 2023) (West Java Province Central Statistics Agency, 2023). Cattle with a maintenance management system that does not have the maximum impact on cattle health. Cattle are often malnutrition, easily infected with parasites and have reduced productivity. Coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria spp. which attacks the digestive tract of cattle, young cattle have acute diarrhea that can lead to death (Daugschies and Najdrowski, 2005; Bruhn et al., 2011). Coccidiosis is the most difficult condition to control in the field (Daugschies and Najdrowski, 2005). Coccidiosis is highly likely to be found on farms with poor rearing management systems. Direct transmission through feed, water, and other materials contaminated by sporulating oocysts. Coccidiosis can reduce productivity and economic losses, and the level of vulnerability to infection with different diseases is increasing.

Therefore, special attention from the government is required. According to Ibrahim et al. (2015), coccidiosis is subclinical and can lead to sudden death.

Coccidiosis cattle in Sumedang regency, West Java was reported with a positive percentage of Eimeria spp. amounting to 14.29% of the total 105 samples (Ninditya et al., 2024), in West Java 24% of the total 50 samples (Ekawasti et al., 2021) and 22.4% of the total 394 samples and showing the highest prevalence compared to other gastrointestinal parasites (Ananta et al., 2014). Coccidiosis in dairy cattle in Bandung was obtained, with a positive prevalence of Eimeria spp. amounting to 179 samples (44.75%) from a total of 400 samples. Factors that influence the coccidiosis are age of livestock, medication, and type of bedding (Sufi et al., 2016). Eimeria spp. found in dairy cattle in Bandung included Eimeria bovis (42.5%), Eimeria wyomingensis (39.1%), Eimeria bukidnonensis (32.4%), Eimeria pellita (26.3%), Eimeria auburnensis (19.6%), Eimeria zuernii (17.3%), Eimeria cylindrica (3.9%), Eimeria canadensis (3.9%), Eimeria brasiliensis (3.4%), and Eimeria alabamensis (1.1%). Mixed coccidiosis infections in cattle usually contain 2–5 Eimeria spp. (Sufi et al., 2017). Coccidiosis in cattle in Central Java was reported with a positive percentage of Eimeria spp. amounting to 15.33% of the total 455 samples. Eimeria spp. found in cattle in Central Java include E. bovis, E. auburnensis, E. bukidnonensis, E. canadensis, E. zuernii, and E. cylindrica (Hamid et al., 2016). In cattle, there are approximately 20 species of Eimeria spp., pathogenic species can elicit clinical signs and symptoms such as E. bovis, E. zuernii, and E. auburnensis (Ekawasti and Wardhana, 2010; Kawahara, 2010). Nonpathogenic Eimeria spp. causes tissue harm, increases sensitivity to infection with other infectious diseases, but does not cause death (Ekawasti and Wardhana, 2010).

Research results in Central Java identified the presence of Eimeria spp. where almost all of the animals sampled in the research were raised using traditional farming methods (Hamid et al., 2016). This indicates that maintenance management is related to the presence of Eimeria spp.

Poor maintenance management has an impact on high infection of Eimeria spp. Eimeria infection opens the door for the entry of other disease agents. The importance of coccidiosis control strategies, especially the correct identification of inappropriate control strategies for Eimeria spp. in increasing cases of coccidiosis, oocysts can spread infection and can continually contaminate the environment (Gupta et al., 2016; Ekawasti et al., 2021). One method of detection of coccidiosis is through conventional techniques (float test), which is used to observe the morphology under a microscope.

Determination of coccidiosis using conventional methods by observing microscopic morphology is limited to the genus level. This identification method cannot be used as a reference for determining the species of Eimeria because each species has the same shape, structure, and size. Identification to determine morphological variations in cattle in Bandung regency has not been carried out. The importance of diagnostic methods in controlling coccidiosis in the field. Therefore, it is essential to carry out research to determine the morphological diversity of Eimeria spp. because the pathogenicity of each species of Eimeria varies.

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Materials and Methods

Fecal samples were collected from 106 beef cattle from three sub-districts (Cicalengka, Cikancung, and Nagreg), Bandung Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. The sampling method with purposive sampling, was collected randomly from door to door, then recording the GPS coordinates of each sampling point location using a Geographic Information System approach. Samples were collected from farm to farm from January 2024 to March 2024. A total of 106 samples were categorized based on the age of beef cattle, namely < 1 year old six samples, aged 1–2 years, as many as 80 samples, aged >2 years as many as 20 samples. Overall, fecal has a normal texture. One fecal sample was obtained from one cattle. Fecal samples were taken from the cattle rectum, stored in a plastic bag, and then stored at 4°C until laboratory examination. Laboratory examinations are conducted in several laboratories, such as the Veterinary Technology Laboratory, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, and the Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Microscopic examination

Feces were examined using a float test by adding saturated sugar with a specific gravity of 1.2 (Matsubayashi et al., 2005). One gram of stool sample was centrifuged at 800 × g for 5 minutes. After removing the supernatant, adding a sugar solution with a specific gravity of 1.2 and centrifugation was carried out. After covering the tube’s surface with a cover glass and moving it to an object glass, use an Optilab microscope to observe the sample. According to Soulsby (1986), the recognized species were determined. Qualitative microscopic analysis was performed using a Miconos Optilab microscope at a magnification of 10–100 to identify the presence of positive and negative Eimeria spp. oocysts. Next, measure the length and width to determine the shape index using Image Raster software.

Ethical approval

This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia (Approval Number: 146/EC-FKH/int./2023).

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Results

Beef cattle fecal samples from Bandung Regency were tested using the flotation method with the addition of saturated sugar and then observed under an optical microscope. Laboratory examination results showed morphological variations in Eimeria spp. oocysts, which can be seen in (Fig. 1).

A total of eight Eimeria spp. based on their morphology namely E. bovis, E. zuernii, E. alabamensis, E. cylindrica, E. auburnensis, E. wyomingensis, E. pellita, and E. canadensis could be identified (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Morphological variation of eight Eimeria spp. at 100 × magnification: A. Eimeria bovis, B. Eimeria zuernii, C. Eimeria alabamensis, D. Eimeria cylindrica, E. Eimeria auburnensis, F. Eimeria wyomingensis, G. Eimeria pellita, H. Eimeria canadensis.

As a result of research, eight species of Eimeria have been found to have different morphologies. E. bovis (ovoid, 25.68 × 17.4 μm, with micropyle), E. zuernii (sub-spherical, 17.73 × 15.36 μm, without micropyle), E. alabamensis (pear shaped, 20.69 × 15.98 μm, without micropyle), E. cylindrica (cylindrical, 24.14 × 13.89 μm, without micropyle), E. auburnensis (ellips, 33.09 × 20.40 μm, with micropyle), E. wyomingensis (ovoid, 39.63 × 27.66 μm, with micropyle), E. pellita (ovoid, 38.19 × 28.39 μm, with micropyle), and E. canadensis (ovoid/ellips, 30.28 × 21.86 μm, with micropyle) (Table 1).

51 stool samples out of the 106 samples tested positive for Eimeria spp., representing a 48.11% prevalence. The prevalence of E. bovis was 78.43% (40 samples), followed by E. zuernii 31.37% (16 samples), E. alabamensis 43.14% (22 samples), E. cylindrica 33.33% (17 samples), E. auburnensis 27.45% (14 samples), E. wyomingensis 13.73% (7 samples), E. pellita 11.76% (6 samples), and E. canadensis 11.76% (6 samples).

A total of eight Eimeria spp. were identified from cattle less than 1-year-old and from cattle 1–2 years old, namely E. bovis, E. zuernii, E. alabamensis, E. cylindrica, E. auburnensis, E. wyomingensis, E. pellita, and E. canadensis. Cattle older than 2 years old contained two species of Eimeria, namely Eimeria cylindrica and Eimeria auburnensis (Fig. 2).

The research showed that 51 samples (106 samples) were positive for Eimeria spp., with a single type of infection at 33.33% and multiple infections at 66.67%. A single infection is the infection of only one species of Eimeria. Multiple infections are caused by more than one species of Eimeria spp. Stool samples positive for Eimeria spp. in beef cattle aged < 1 year showed that all samples had multiple infections (100%), those aged 1–2 years had a single infection (34.09%), and multiple infections (65.91%), and those aged >2 years had a single infection (100%) (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2. Eimeria spp. prevalence and identification based on the age and prevalence of cattle.

Table 1. Determination of Eimeria spp. based on length, width, and shape index.

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Discussion

Diagnosis of Eimeria spp. in the field is limited to the genus level because each species has almost the same shape and size. The determination of each species was based on its shape, size, shape index, and characteristics. In Bandung Regency was reported variation of species Eimeria spp. in dairy cattle namely E. bovis, E. wyomingensis, E. bukidnonensis, E. pellita, E. auburnensis, E. zuernii, E. cylindrica, E. canadensis, E. brasiliensis, and E. alabamensis (Sufi et al., 2017). When compared to the author’s research, Sufi et al. (2016, 2017) research was also carried out in the Bandung area, but with different subjects (using dairy cow). Other previous research, in central Java reported Eimeria spp. in cattle, namely E. bovis, E. auburnensis, E. bukidnonensis, E. canadensis, E. zuernii, and E. cylindrica (Hamid et al., 2016). In Java, was reported E. bovis, E. ellipsoidalis, E. alabamensis, E. zuernii, E. auburnensis, and E. cylindrica (Ekawasti et al., 2019). The author’s research, Hamid’s research and Eka’s research were both carried out in the Java area. The author’s research is in West Java province, Hamid’s research is in Central Java province, while Eka’s research covers a wider province in Java. No previous research publications have been found regarding Eimeria on beef cattle in the Bandung area (West Java).

Fig. 3. Prevalence of Eimeria spp. according to the type of infection.

This research from sample cattle in Bandung regency obtained eight Eimeria spp. were E. bovis, E. zuernii, E. alabamensis, E. cylindrica, E. auburnensis, E. wyomingensis, E. pellita, and E. canadensis. Various species have different levels of pathogenicity. Pathogenic species include E. bovis, E. zuernii, and E. auburnensis (Ekawasti and Wardhana, 2010; Kawahara, 2010). E. bovis and E. zuernii have high pathogenicity and can cause death, especially in young cattle (Rehman et al., 2011; Koutny et al., 2012). Non-pathogenic species impact tissue damage and increase sensitivity to other infections (Ekawasti and Wardhana, 2010).

Previous research in Bandung Regency, E. bovis in dairy cattle had the highest prevalence of 42.5%, other species were E. wyomingensis, E. bukidnonensis, E. pellita, E. auburnensis, E. zuernii, E. cylindrica, E. canadensis, E. brasiliensis, and E. alabamensis (Sufi et al., 2017).

Then in Java, E. bovis in beef cattle had the highest prevalence of 10.4%, other species were E. ellipsoidalis, E. alabamensis, E. zuernii, E. auburnensis, and E. cylindrica (Ekawasti et al., 2019). This research shows that the E. bovis species has the highest prevalence in the farms (78.43%) compared to other Eimeria spp. E. bovis is one of the most common Eimeria pathogens with the highest frequency in the field.

Eimeria spp. can infect cattle alone or in mixed infections (Ekawasti et al., 2019), in mixed infections usually 2-5 Eimeria spp. can infect one cattle simultaneously (Sufi et al., 2017).

According to the study, 71.2% of cattle had multiple Eimeria spp. infections (Morgoglione et al., 2020). This research showed the same results, all research samples positive for Eimeria spp. had higher mixed infections (66.67%) than single infections (33.33%). The results of the research showed that cattle with age category <1 year had a coccidiosis percentage of (83.33%), 1–2 years (55%), and >2 years (10%). Based on age category, cattle aged <1 year have the highest percentage of infection, which is related to the immune system not being optimal.

Many studies have reported the prevalence of coccidiosis in cattle from different countries (Heidari et al., 2014). The frequency of coccidiosis varies across nations; the prevalence of Eimeria spp. is 96% in the US, 83.67% in Austria, 75.5% in Colombia, 70% in the UK, 47.09% in Pakistan, 30% in Kenya, 29.2% in Ethiopia, 22.1% in South Korea, and 11.97% in India (Rehman et al., 2011; Peter et al., 2015; Alemnew et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2018). The research demonstrates the prevalence of Eimeria spp. is (48.11%), previous research on fecal samples of cattle in Sumedang regency, West Java shows a prevalence of (14.29%) (Ninditya et al., 2024), beef cattle in West Java (22.4%) (Ananta et al., 2014), dairy cattle in Bandung (44.8%) (Sufi et al., 2017), beef cattle in Central Java (15.33%) (Hamid et al., 2016), and beef cattle in Java (52.3%) (Ekawasti et al., 2019). This difference includes livestock management, geographical conditions, food sources, feeding behavior, detection methods, and sampling time (season) (Eckert et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 2016). Stress, dosage challenges, and immune status can influence coccidiosis in cattle. Any treatment, control, or prevention program must coincide with problem management. All equipment, including drinking and eating containers must be cleaned to prevent fecal infection. The change in diet is carried out gradually considering economic aspects and avoiding overcrowding of livestock (Gupta et al., 2016). One aspect of livestock management is the type of cage bedding. Most cattle in Bandung were positive for Eimeria spp. and kept in wooden cages. According to Bangoura et al., (2011) and Rehman et al., (2011), cage bedding type affects the frequency of oocyst excretion in the environment. The incidence of coccidiosis in cattle is higher in cages without cement than in cages using cement. Because the cage base with cement is easier to clean, it reduces the risk of infection with Eimeria from the environment. Most cattle in Bandung were positive for Eimeria spp., with more than five individuals housed in a single pinfold. These conditions facilitate coccidiosis transmission. Environmental cleanliness significantly influences the spread of coccidiosis. In beef cattle, providing adequate nutrition in both quantity and quality impacts the cattle’s immune system. Cattle have higher resistance to Eimeria spp. infection. The cattle’s overall body condition has a body condition score of 3–3.5, that range means that the cattle have sufficient nutrition.

Transmission of Eimeria spp. via ingestion of sporulating oocysts. Infected livestock shed oocysts of Eimeria spp. in fecal form, which are resistant to environmental conditions and most disinfectants. Oocysts have a long lifespan, and afterward, can have the ability to spread illness over the surrounding area (Lucas et al., 2014; Ekawasti et al., 2021). Direct or indirect infection in cases of coccidia occurs by the fecal-oral pathway and is detected by finding oocysts.

According to Gupta et al. (2016), coccidiosis is among the top five diseases in the livestock industry in terms of economic impact. Acute diarrhea causes approximately 75% of all deaths, resulting in financial losses. Calves raised in traditional systems have the highest prevalence; these calves contact the infection at a young age (Fadly, 2012). Eimeria spp. has a specific host, in cattle more than 20 Eimeria spp. have been found (Heidari et al., 2014). E. bovis and E. zuernii are pathogenic species, that can cause morbidity and death, affect the physiology of intestinal absorption, and cause diarrhea with fibrin and blood (Ekawasti et al., 2021).

Only a few fecal samples were used in this study, and morphological identification was limited to the species level. Further research is recommended by increasing the number of samples and widening the scope of sampling locations. Other than that, further research is essential to determine drug resistance and the level of pathogenicity of species so that livestock productivity increases through good livestock management practices. In conclusion, eight Eimeria spp. were identified in the samples taken from the Bandung regency were E. bovis, E. zuernii, E. alabamensis, E. cylindrica, E. auburnensis, E. wyomingensis, E. pellita, and E. canadensis.

The prevalence of beef cattle coccidiosis in Bandung Regency was 48.11%. Morphological determination can diagnose Eimeria spp. based on shape, size, shape index, and characteristic.

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Acknowledgments

The author expresses his gratitude and appreciation to the Indonesia Endowment Funds for Education (LPDP) and the Center for Higher Education Funding (BPPT) for publication.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Funding

Scholarship provided by Indonesia Endowment Funds for Education (LPDP) and Center for Higher Education Funding (BPPT).

Author contributions

FRH, RWN, DP, SI, FE, and VIN designed this study. FRH, FE, and VIN field research and sample analysis in the laboratory. All authors wrote, edited, read, and approved the final manuscript.

Data availability

All information supporting the discoveries of this consideration is accessible inside the manuscript.

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