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Review Article


Filariasis at the human–animal interface: Implications for public and veterinary health

Muhammad Nirwan, Yunita Amraeni, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Shinta Shinta, Raflizar Raflizar, Sri Seprianto Maddusa, Erwin Azizi Jayadipraja, La Ode Tasrun, Ari Tjahyadi Rafiuddin, Syahputra Wibowo, Sri Suryatmiati Prihandani, Bima Putra Pratama.


Abstract
Filariasis is a parasitic infectious disease transmitted by the bite of blood-sucking mosquitoes and remains a public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions. This disease is caused by filarial worms from the nematode group, such as Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Dirofilaria spp. in animals, which have the potential to act as zoonotic reservoirs. In humans, filarial infection can cause clinical manifestations such as lymphedema, elephantiasis, and filarial hydrocele, while in animals it can cause cardiopulmonary disorders or the formation of subcutaneous lesions, thus increasing the opportunity for interspecies transmission. Establishing a diagnosis of filariasis requires a comprehensive approach that includes clinical examination, microscopic detection of microfilariae, serological tests for antigens or antibodies, PCR-based molecular analysis, and imaging examinations such as ultrasound or radiology to identify adult worms. The risk of filariasis is influenced by the density of the mosquito vector, tropical environmental conditions that support the vector's life cycle, the intensity of human-animal contact, the host's immune status, and community behavior in preventing mosquito bites. Treatment involves administering antifilarial drugs, including diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and albendazole, along with managing chronic complications through lymphatic system therapy and, if necessary, surgical intervention. Filariasis control will be more effective if implemented in an integrated manner through mass drug administration programs, vector control, treatment of animal reservoirs, increased public education, and ongoing surveillance. A One Health approach that connects human, animal, and environmental health aspects has proven essential in breaking the chain of transmission, reducing the disease burden, and minimizing social and economic impacts. This review emphasizes the urgency of implementing interdisciplinary strategies in filariasis control to support sustainable public health in endemic areas.

Key words: Disease; Filariasis; Mosquito vector; One Health; Zoonosis.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Nirwan M, Amraeni Y, Khairullah AR, Shinta S, Raflizar R, Maddusa SS, Jayadipraja EA, Tasrun LO, Rafiuddin AT, Wibowo S, Prihandani SS, Pratama BP. Filariasis at the human–animal interface: Implications for public and veterinary health. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(7): 4112-4131. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i7.3

Web Style

Nirwan M, Amraeni Y, Khairullah AR, Shinta S, Raflizar R, Maddusa SS, Jayadipraja EA, Tasrun LO, Rafiuddin AT, Wibowo S, Prihandani SS, Pratama BP. Filariasis at the human–animal interface: Implications for public and veterinary health. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=309725 [Access: July 01, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i7.3

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Nirwan M, Amraeni Y, Khairullah AR, Shinta S, Raflizar R, Maddusa SS, Jayadipraja EA, Tasrun LO, Rafiuddin AT, Wibowo S, Prihandani SS, Pratama BP. Filariasis at the human–animal interface: Implications for public and veterinary health. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(7): 4112-4131. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i7.3


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Nirwan M, Amraeni Y, Khairullah AR, Shinta S, Raflizar R, Maddusa SS, Jayadipraja EA, Tasrun LO, Rafiuddin AT, Wibowo S, Prihandani SS, Pratama BP. Filariasis at the human–animal interface: Implications for public and veterinary health. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited July 01, 2026]; 16(7): 4112-4131. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i7.3


Harvard Style

Nirwan, M., Amraeni, . Y., Khairullah, . A. R., Shinta, . S., Raflizar, . R., Maddusa, . S. S., Jayadipraja, . E. A., Tasrun, . L. O., Rafiuddin, . A. T., Wibowo, . S., Prihandani, . S. S. & Pratama, . B. P. (2026) Filariasis at the human–animal interface: Implications for public and veterinary health. Open Vet. J., 16 (7), 4112-4131. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i7.3


Turabian Style

Nirwan, Muhammad, Yunita Amraeni, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Shinta Shinta, Raflizar Raflizar, Sri Seprianto Maddusa, Erwin Azizi Jayadipraja, La Ode Tasrun, Ari Tjahyadi Rafiuddin, Syahputra Wibowo, Sri Suryatmiati Prihandani, and Bima Putra Pratama. 2026. Filariasis at the human–animal interface: Implications for public and veterinary health. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (7), 4112-4131. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i7.3


Chicago Style

Nirwan, Muhammad, Yunita Amraeni, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Shinta Shinta, Raflizar Raflizar, Sri Seprianto Maddusa, Erwin Azizi Jayadipraja, La Ode Tasrun, Ari Tjahyadi Rafiuddin, Syahputra Wibowo, Sri Suryatmiati Prihandani, and Bima Putra Pratama. "Filariasis at the human–animal interface: Implications for public and veterinary health." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 4112-4131. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i7.3


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Nirwan, Muhammad, Yunita Amraeni, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Shinta Shinta, Raflizar Raflizar, Sri Seprianto Maddusa, Erwin Azizi Jayadipraja, La Ode Tasrun, Ari Tjahyadi Rafiuddin, Syahputra Wibowo, Sri Suryatmiati Prihandani, and Bima Putra Pratama. "Filariasis at the human–animal interface: Implications for public and veterinary health." Open Veterinary Journal 16.7 (2026), 4112-4131. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i7.3


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Nirwan, M., Amraeni, . Y., Khairullah, . A. R., Shinta, . S., Raflizar, . R., Maddusa, . S. S., Jayadipraja, . E. A., Tasrun, . L. O., Rafiuddin, . A. T., Wibowo, . S., Prihandani, . S. S. & Pratama, . B. P. (2026) Filariasis at the human–animal interface: Implications for public and veterinary health. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (7), 4112-4131. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i7.3


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